Scientific Principles

Front 1

Bernoulli's Principle

Back 1

Equation in fluid dynamics states:

In a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same at all points on that streamline

Front 2

Helium

Back 2

He, Atomic number 2

Discovered 1868 by Pierre Janssen & Norman Lockyer

colorless, odorless, tasteless nontoxic gas

Front 3

Hubble's Law of Cosmic Expansion

Back 3

This is normally interpreted as a direct, physical observation of the expansion of the spatial volume of the observable universe.[3] Objects have a Doppler shift measured in megaparsecs

Front 4

Keplar's Laws of Planetary Motion

Back 4

1. The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci.
2. A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.
3. The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

Front 5

Aufbau Principle

Back 5

used to determine the electron configuration of an atom, molecule or ion

The principle postulates a hypothetical process in which an atom is "built up" by progressively adding electrons. As they are added, they assume their most stable conditions (electron orbitals) with respect to the nucleus and those electrons already thereEnt

Front 6

Entropy

Back 6

entropy (usual symbol S) is a measure of the number of specific ways in which a thermodynamic system may be arranged, commonly understood as a measure of disorder.

Front 7

Doppler Effect

Back 7

the change in frequency of a wave(or other periodic event) for an observer moving relative to its source

It is commonly heard when a vehicle sounding a siren or horn approaches, passes, and recedes from an observer.

Front 8

Coriolis Effect

Back 8

a deflection of moving objects when the motion is described relative to a rotating reference frame

(On a carnival ride that spins, this principle explains why you feel pulled away from the center)

Front 9

Newton's 1st Law

Back 9

An object at rest will stay at rest or an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an outside force

Front 10

Newton's 2nd Law

Back 10

Force = mass x acceleration

Front 11

Newton's 3rd Law

Back 11

Every action has an equal and opposite reaction

Front 12

0th Law of Thermodynamics

Back 12

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium respectively with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature

Front 13

1st Law of Thermodynamics

Back 13

When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, its internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.

Front 14

2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Back 14

In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the participating thermodynamic systems increases. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible.

Front 15

3rd Law of Thermodynamics

Back 15

The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.

Front 16

Archimedes' Buoyancy Principle

Back 16

the upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether fully or partially submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces.

Front 17

Heisenbergs Uncertainty Principle

Back 17

A fundamental limit for which certain pairs of physical properties of a particle can be known simultaneously.

For instance, in 1927, Werner Heisenberg stated that the more precisely the position of some particle is determined, the less precisely its momentum can be known, and vice versa

Front 18

Vicosity

Back 18

a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation byshear stress or tensile stress. For liquids, it corresponds to the informal concept of "thickness"

Front 19

Planck's Constant

Back 19

denoted h

A physical constant that is the quantum of action in quantum mechanics

6.62606957 × 10-34 m2 kg / s

Front 20

Torque

Back 20

the tendency of a force to rotate an object about an axis, fulcrum, or pivot. Just as a force is a push or a pull, a torque can be thought of as a twist to an object.

The symbol for torque is typically , the Greek letter tau. When it is called moment of force, it is commonly denoted M.

The SI unit for torque is the newton metre

Front 21

Brownian Motion

Back 21

Random motion of particles suspended in a fluid resulting from their collision with the quick atoms or molecules in the gas or liquid.