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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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absolute zero.
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The lowest theoretical temperature (0K = -273.16°C) where all molecular activity ceases.
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acceleration
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Rate of change of velocity.
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acid
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A compound that yields hydrogen ions (H+) when in aqueous solution. Acids have a sour taste and turn blue litmus red.
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activation energy
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The energy required to initiate a chemical reaction.
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adiabatic system
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A system that neither gains or looses heat
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alcohol
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Organic compound used in gums, resins, dyes and perfumes. Fermentation produces ethanol not alcohol.
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alkali.
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A base that is soluble in water.
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allele
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Gene variant.
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allotrope
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Element with more than one natural form.
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alloy
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A substance formed by the combination of two or more elements, at least one of which must be a metal.
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amino acids
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Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen compounds the composition of which are determined by genes
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anion
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A negative ion.
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atomic number.
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The number of protons in an atom..
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atomic symbol
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The letters representing each of the elements.
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atomic weight
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The average weight of an atom.
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atoms
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Composite particles of protons, neutrons and electrons. The smallest part of a substance that can take part in a chemical reaction.
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baryon
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A three quark hadron. The most common baryons are protons and neutrons.
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base
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A compound that yields hydroxide (OH- ) ions when in aqueous solution. Bases have a bitter taste, feel greasy and turn red litmus blue.
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biosynthesis
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The production of cellular material.
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boiling point
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The temperature at which a liquid turns to a vapour.
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bond
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A chemical link between atoms.
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capacitance
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The ability to store an electric charge.
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carbohydrates
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The major energy source within plants and animals: sugars, starches and glucose polymers.
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carbon
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The basic element in all organic compounds.
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catalyst
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A substance that reduces the activation energy of a reaction. A positive ion.
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cell.
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The smallest independent part of an organism.
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chain reaction
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Polymerisation initiated by the bonding of a free radical with a monomer.
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charge
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The amount of unbalanced electricity in a system. Either positive or negative.
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chemical equation
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The mathematical representation of a chemical reaction.
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chemical reaction
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The transformation of substances by the rearrangement of their atoms.
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chromosomes
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DNAmolecules that contain the set of instructions required to build and maintain cells.
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compound.
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A substance containing more than one element.
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conduction.
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Heat or electricity transfer through molecular interaction, eg: heat passing along a metal bar.
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convection
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Heat transfer through the movement of a fluid, eg: warm air rising.
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covalent bond
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A bond formed between atoms that share electrons.
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crystal
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Solid substance with a regular geometirc arrangement of atoms.
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density
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The mass per unit volume in a substance.
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diffraction
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The deviation in the path of a wave that encounters the edge of an obstacle.
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diffusion
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The random movement of molecules within a fluid.
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DNA: Deoxyribonucleic acid.
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Twisted helical polymer chains. See chromosomes.
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elasticity
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The ability of a body to regain its original shape after deformation.
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electric current
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A flow of electrons through a conductor, the size of the current is proportional to the rate of electron flow.
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electrons
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Negatively charged atomic particles.
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electromagnetic waves
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Waves with both an electric and magnetic component. They are: radio, micro, infra-red, visible light, ultraviolet, X and gamma rays.
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electrolyte
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An ion solution that is an electrical conductior.
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element
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A substance composed of atoms all with the same atomic number. A substance that cannot be split chemically into smaller substances.
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endothermic reaction
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A reaction in which heat is absorbed ie: melting or boiling.
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energy
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The capacity to do work. Work is done by transferring energy from one form to another. For example the chemical energy in a fuel is converted to thermal energy as it burns.
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entropy.
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The state of disorder in a thermodynamic system: the more energy the higher the entropy.
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enzymes
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Biological catalysts, proteins that control specific processes within the body.
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equilibrium
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A stable situation in which products and reactants are balanced.
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evaporation
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The change of state of a substance from a liquid to a gas below its boiling point.
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exothermic reaction
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A reaction from which heat is lost eg: combustion.
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fission
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Splitting the nucleus of an atom into smaller units.
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force
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An action (transfer of energy) that will accelerate a body in the direction of the applied force.
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friction
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The interaction between surfaces: a measure of the resistance felt when sliding one body over another.
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fusion
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1. Change of state of a substance from a solid to a liquid. 2. The joining together of two atomic nuclei.
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gametes
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Sex cells (spermatozoa or ova) that carry the genes donated by each parent.
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gene
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A unit of inheritance. A section of DNA. comprising a sequence of four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine.
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inertia
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Tendency of a body to remain at rest or move in straight line.
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inheritance
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The features of an organism are determined by a set of chromosomes. These originate in the parents and are passed on to an offspring during fertilisation. It follows then that since chromosomes are inherited, all the features of an organism must be inherited.
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ion.
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Atom with an unbalanced electrical charge caused by the loss or gain of one or more electrons.
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ionic bond.
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An bond formed by the electro-magnetic attraction between ions of opposite charge.
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isotope
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An element that has more or less neutrons than normal. Many isotopes are radioactive.
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kinetic energy.
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The energy possessed by a body in motion.
latent heat. The amount of energy required to change a solid to a liquid or liquid to a gas. |
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Laws of Themodynamics.
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1. The amount of energy in the universe is fixed. It cannot be created or destroyed only changed from one state to another.
2. Heat cannot pass from a cold to a hot body. The opposite condition where heat always flows from a hot to a cold body is valid for the whole universe. lens. Light modifier. Convex lenses focus and concave lens diffuse light waves. |
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light
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The visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. White light is a combination of all the above colours.
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magnet
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A body which produces a magnetic field. All magnets are di-pole and follow the rule that like poles repel and unlike poles attract.
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mass
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The quantity of matter in a body.
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mitochondria.
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Organelles that convert glucose into energy.
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molecular formula
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The number and types of atom in a molecule. For example the molecular formula of methane is CH4, one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen.
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molecule
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A group of atoms bonded together. It is the smallest part of a substance that retains the chemical properties of the whole.
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neutralization
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A reaction in which the characteristics of an acid or base disappear.
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neutrons.
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Particles with zero charge forming part of an atomic nuclei. 3 quarkhadrons.
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Newtons Laws of Motion
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Classical laws which enable the prediction of the path of any object from a grain of sand to entire galaxies:
1. A body will remain at rest or move with a constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force. 2. The acceleration of a body is proportional to the applied force. This is expressed by the universal formula: Force = mass × acceleration. 3. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. |
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nucleus.
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1. Organelle containing the chromosomes. 2. That part of an atom containing the protons and neutrons.
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organelles
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Specialized organs within cells.
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organic compounds
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Substances that contain Carbon.
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pH Scale
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The strength of acids and bases. Pure water has a pH value of 7, acids have a lower value and bases higher.
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phase changes
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Freezing or boiling
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photons
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Fundamental quantum particles. It is the interaction of photons with other particles that drives the universe.
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proteins
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Amino acid polymers with specific biological functions, especially the growth, regeneration and repair of cells.
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radiation
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1. Transfer of heat between bodies without a change in the temperature of the intervening medium. 2. Any release of energy from its source.
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radioactivity
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The spontaneous release of energy from atomic nuclei.
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reactants
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The substances that take part in a chemical reaction.
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refraction
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The deflection of a wave as it passes from one medium to another, eg through a lens.
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reproduction
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Reproduction is the process by which a new organism is produced. The first stage in the production of any organism is the fertilisation of an ova by spermatozoa (or spores on the case of plants). Fertilisation produces a single cell called a zygote which contains all the information required to build the adult organism. The progression (growth) from zygote to adult is achieved through cell division.
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respiration
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The production of energy by the oxidisation of glucose.
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