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188 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Animal cells do NOT have ____.
a. centrioles b. centromeres c. cell plates/walls d. cytoplasm |
c. cell plates/walls
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Most of the life of any cell is spent in a period of growth called:
a. interphase b. prophase c. telophase d. anaphase |
a. interphase
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The chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell contain a code known as:
a. RNA b. mitosis c. meiosis d. DNA |
d. DNA
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DNA does NOT contain nitrogen base ____.
a. adenine b. cytosine c. uracil d. thymine |
c. uracil
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A cell that has two of every kind of chromosome is ____.
a. haploid b. diploid c. an egg d. a sperm |
b. diploid
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Haploid numbers of chromosome are usually found in the ____ of an orgainism.
a. tissues b. body cells c. sex cells d. zygotes |
c. sex cells
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Each human skin cell has ____ pairs of chromosomes.
a. 13 b. 18 c. 23 d. 46 |
c. 23
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Hydra reproduce by____.
a. budding b. fission c. regeneration d. sexual reproduction |
a. budding
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In ____ a body part regrows and may form a new organism.
a. fission b. budding c. regeneration d. sexual reproduction |
c. regeneration
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What are sex cells from femalle reproductive organs called?
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eggs
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What are sex cells from male reproductive organs called?
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sperm
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What only takes place in reproductive organs?
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meiosis
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What is the cell called that forms in fertilization?
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zygote
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What is the joining of two sex cells called?
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fertilization
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What takes place in body cells?
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mitosis
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The process of nuclear division that produces haploid sex cells is _______.
a. meiosis b. mitosis c. metaphase d. cytokinesis |
a. meiosis
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A strand of DNA has the following order of bases: CGTATCGA. The corresponding order of bases in the matching RNA will be_______.
a. GCAUAGCU b. AUTCAUG c. GGATAGCU d. GCATAGCT |
a. GCAUAGCU
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Two sex cells join to produce a new individual in _______ reproduction.
a. a sexual b. zygote c. sexual d. fission |
c. sexual
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The amount of adenine in DNA always equals the amount of _______.
a. uracil b. cytosine c. thymine d. guanine |
c. thymine
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DNA copying occurs during _______.
a. prophase I b. interphase c. phrophase II d. metaphase |
b. interphase
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The codes for making proteins are carried from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm by ______.
a. DNA b. rRNA c. tRNA d. mRNA |
d. mRNA
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Bacterial cells reproduce asexually by _______.
a. budding b. nuclear division c. fission d. regeneration |
c. fission
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Budding and regeneration are two types of _______ reproduction.
a. bacterial b. fungal c. asexual d. sexual |
c. asexual
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Mitiosis is defined as division of a(n) _________.
a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. cell's chromosome d. cell's organelles |
a. nucleus
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In ________ reproduction, organisms are produced from only one parent.
a. asexual b. sexual c. mitotic d. cell |
a. asexual
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During the _______ step of mitosis, the cytoplasm begins to divide and two new identical cells form.
a. metaphase b. telophase c. anaphase d. prophase |
b. telophase
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During the ________ step of mitosis, the centromere of each pair of chromatids becomes attached to two spindle fibers.
a. anaphase b. telophas c. metaphase d. prophase |
c. metaphase
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RNA structure differs from DNA in that it contains the nitrogen base _______ in place of thymine.
a. thymine b. uracil c. adenine d. guanine |
b. uracil
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The joining of an egg and a sperm is called_________.
a. zygote b. asexual reproduction c. fertilization d. sexual reproduction |
c. fertilization
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The abbreviation tRNA stands for ______ RNA.
a. messenger b. transfer c. ribosomal d. ribonucleic acid |
b. transfer
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Sexual reproduction relies on meiosis instead of mitiosis because only meiosis produces _________ sex cells.
a. diploid b. egg c. sperm d. haploid |
d. haploid
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In a Punnett square, a capital letter (T) stands for a _______ allele.
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dominant
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The combination Tt represents a ________ genotype.
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heterozygous
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Experiment s with four o'clock flowers produced examples of ________dominance.
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incomplete
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Blood type is an example of _____.
a. mutiple alleles b. a pair of genes c. polygenic inheritance d. sex-linked genes |
a. multiple alleles
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Color blindness is a example of _________.
a. a sex-linked disorder b. incomplete dominance c. a genetic disorder d. polygenic inheritance |
a. a sex-linked disorder
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The allele for hemophilia is on the X chromosome and is a ________.
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sex-linked gene
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________ is the passing of traits from one generation to another.
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Heredity
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The different forms of a gene may have for a trait are called ______.
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alleles
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In ___________ both alleles are expressed in offspring.
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incomplete dominance
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A plant that receives different genetic information from each parent is a ______.
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hybrid
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A _______ trait covers up other traits.
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dominant
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In a Punnett square, a small letter (t) stands for a _______ allele.
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recessive
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A tool used to predict the possible offspring of a mating is called a _________.
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Punnett square
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An organism with two alleles that are exactly the same is _________.
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homozygous
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________ occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a single trait.
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polygenic inheritance
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An organism that has two different alleles for a trait is ________.
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heterozygous
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The passing of traits form parent to offspring
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heredity
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The different forms of a trait that a gene may have
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alleles
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the study of how traits are inherited through the interaction of alleles
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genetics
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Describes a trait that covers over, or dominates, another form of that trait
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dominant
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outward physical appearance and behavior of an organism as a result of its genotype
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phenotype
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describes a trait that is covered over, or dominated, by another forms of that trait and seems to disappear
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recessive
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A tool used to predict results in Mendelian genetics
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Punnett square
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Occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a trait
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polygenic inheritance
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chromosomes X and Y
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sex chromosomes
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Section of DNA that has information about a specific trait of an organism
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gene
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two alleles with the same information
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homozygous
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two alleles with different information
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heterozygous
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an inherited mutation that can result in this phenotype
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genetic disorder
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shows genetic traits that were inherited by members of a family tree
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pedigree
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genes that have more than two alleles
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multiple alleles
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How does genetic engineering differ from select breeding?
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Genetic engineering is where scientists take the best DNA and genes from plants or other experiments and create a plant or something else from the best DNA and genes. Selective breeding is where scientists take the best of their plants or whatever they want to breed and breed those.
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What is the difference between recombinant DNA and gene therapy?
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Gene therapy is where abnormal DNA is taken adn replaced with normal DNA, while recombinant DNA is DNA taken and infused into bacterium.
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A _____ is a waterproof reproductive cell used for reproduction by seedless plants.
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spore
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___________ are species that break down rock and build up decaying plant material so that other plants can grow.
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Pioneer species
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Threadlike structeres anchor (hold) nonvascular plants to the ground are called ______.
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rhizoids
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Name two examples of seedless plants:
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ferns and mosses
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______ contain plant embryo and food supply in a protective coating.
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Seed
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________ are tiny openings in a plants epidermis (skin) through which carbon dioxide, water vapor and oxygen enter and exit.
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Stomata
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Vascular tissue that forms hollow vessels that transport substances, other than sugar, throughout the plant is called ______.
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xylem
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__________ are pairs of cells that surround stomata and control thier opening and closing.
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Guard cells
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Vascular tissue that forms tubes that transport dissolved sugar throughout a plant is called ________.
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phloem
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Vascular tissue that produces xylem and phloem cells as a plant grows is called ________.
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cambrium
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_________ are closely related organisms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce among themselves.
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Species
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A ________ is a waxy, protecteve layer secreted by cells onto the surface of a plant.
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cuticle
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__________ is a chemical compound plants make which provides them stucture and support.
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Cellulose
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Plants that have tubelike structures that cary water and nutrients, and other substances are called ________ plants.
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vascular
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Plants that lack tublike structures that carry water, nutrients, and other substances are called ____________ plants.
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nonvascular
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The green substance that plants use to make food is called ____________.
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chlorophyll
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Name two adaptations that plants have that allow them to live on land
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cuticle and cellulose
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What part of the flower is the brightly colored part?
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petal
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What covers the bud of the flower?
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sepal
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What is the male reproductive organ in the flower called?
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stamen
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What is the stalk of the male reproductive organ called?
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filament
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Where does the pollen grains form in a flower?
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anther
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What is the female reproductive organ called in a flower?
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pistil
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What is the sticky area of the flower?
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stigma
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What is the stalk of the female reproductive organ called?
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style
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Where are ovules formed in a flower?
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ovary
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What are the methods of seed dispersal in plants?
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-wind
-animals -water -gravity |
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Scientists hypothesize plants evolved directly from _______.
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green algae
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Seedless nonvascular plants include ____ and _____.
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mosses, liverworts, and/or hornworts
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The major function of leaves is to __________.
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make food
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Roots usually have all the following functions EXCEPT ________.
a. absorbing water and minerals b. anchoring the plant c. making food d. storing food |
c. making food
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What are three functions that stems usually have?
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1. storing food
2. supporting the aboveground parts of the plant 3. allowing movement of materials between leaves and roots |
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Do monocots have vascular bundles in rings?
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no
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Seed plants have all the followig EXCEPT _______.
a. rhizoids b. vascular tissue c. roots d. leaves |
a. rhizoids
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Ferns are the most abundant of the ______ plants
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seedless vascular plants
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The cells of the ___________ have chloroplasts filled with chlorophyll.
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palisade layer
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_______ tissue is made up of tubular vessels that transport water and minerals up from the roots throughout the plant.
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Xylem
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What does a stamen constist of?
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anther and a filament
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What is the process that a seed undergoes to become a plant called?
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germination
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What do angiosperms always produce?
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flowers
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What part(s) of the plant absobs water and minerals?
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root
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What part(s) of the plant transports food and water?
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root and stem
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What part(s) of the plant stores food for the plant?
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roots
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What part(s) of the plant makes food for the plant?
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leaves
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What part(s) of the plant supports the plant?
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stem
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What are vascular plants with flowers and produce seeds in fruit?
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angiosperm
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What are flowering plants with two cotyledons in their seeds?
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dicot
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What are vascular plants with no flowers or fruit and produce seeds in cones?
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gymnosperms
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Is moss a seedless nonvascular plant, seedless vascular plant, or a seed plant?
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seedless nonvascular
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Is a fern a seedless nonvascular plant, seedless vascular plant, or a seed plant?
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seedless vascular
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Is a liverwort a seedless nonvascular plant, seedless vascular plant, or a seed plant?
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seedless nonvascular
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Is a apple tree a seedless nonvascular plant, seedless vascular plant, or a seed plant?
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seed plant
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Is a tulip a seedless nonvascular plant, seedless vascular plant, or a seed plant?
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seed plant
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What do pollen and seeds help many plants do?
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reproduce
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What does a pollen grain have and contain that can produce sperm?
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a covering and gametophyte parts
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When does pollination occur?
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when pollen grains are transferred to the female part of the plant
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Following fertilization, the female part produces a seed which contains what?
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an embryo, stored food, and a protective coat
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Do plants develop more quickly from a seed or a spore?
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seed
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Where do gymnosperms develop seeds?
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cones
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A pine tree or shrub is a sporophyte plant that produces what kind of cones?
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male and female
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What does a female have that produces eggs?
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two ovules
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What do male cones produce and release?
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pollen
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When pollen blows into a female cone what can occur?
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fertilization and seed formation
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How long can seed release by a female cone take?
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two or three years
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An organism whose body temperature does not change, but stays the same if the environment changes is called ________.
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endotherm
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Animals that have a notochord, postanal tail, pharyngeal pouches, hollow nerve cord all present at some point in their life are called _______.
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chordates
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What is structure that is found in a chordate that supports the upper part of the body and in humans turns into a backbone?
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notochord
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What is a muscular structure that develops at the end of the chordate?
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postanal tail
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What is a flexible, thick layer of tissue that is found between joints?
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cartilage
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What is a stack of bone that alternates with cartilage that is used to compose the back and protects the spinal cord?
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vertebral column
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An organsim whose body temperature changes according to its external environment is called _______.
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ectotherm
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The internal framework of an organism is called _________.
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the endoskeleton
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The main functions of the __________ is to protect, provide movement, store, and produce blood cells.
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skeletal system
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What is a tough tight fitting membrane that covers the bones called?
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periosteum
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What is a place in which two bones meet separated by cartilage called?
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joint
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What is a tough band of tissue called that holds joints together?
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ligaments
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What are the five types of joints?
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immovable, pivot, ball-and-socket, hinge, and gliding joints
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What does the immovable joint do?
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allows little or no movement
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What does the pivot joint do?
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one bone rotates in a ring of a stationary bone
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What does a ball-and-socket joint do?
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the rounded end of one bone fits into a cuplike cavity on another bone
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What does a hinge joint do?
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back-and-forth movement
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What does the gliding joint do?
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one part of the bone slides over another bone
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What joint is used the most in the body?
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gliding joint
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What is a muscle?
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an organ that can relax and contract, and provides the force to move your body parts
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Do you control involuntary or voluntary muscles?
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voluntary muscles
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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smooth, skeletal, and cardiac
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What do skeletal muscle do?
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move bones
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What is the most common type of muscle?
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skeletal muscle
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What are tendons?
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thick bands of tissue that attach muscle to bones
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Are skeletal muscle involuntary or voluntary?
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voluntary
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What types of muscles are striated?
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skeletal and cardiac
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Where are cardiac muscles found?
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only in the heart
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Where are smooth muscles?
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in internal organs
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Are smooth muscles involuntary or voluntary?
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involuntary
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What happens when one muscle of a pair contracts?
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the other relaxes
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What kind of hormones are key factors in the function of human reproductive systems?
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endocrine system hormones
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What kind of organs does the male reproductive system have?
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internal and external
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What are organs that produce male hormone testosterone and reproductive cells called sperm?
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testes
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Internal organs combine sperm with a fluid energy source to produce what?
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semen
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In a female reproductive system what are the internal organs called that produce egg cells?
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ovaries
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Once a month what process releases an egg?
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ovulation
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What is the hollow, pear-shaped, muscular organ in which fertlized eggs develop called?
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the uterus
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What is a muscular tube that opens to the outside of the body called?
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vagina
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What is the menstrual cycle?
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monthy cycle of changes in the female reproductive system
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What controls the menstrual cycle?
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endocrine hormones including estrogen and progesterone
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What is menstruation?
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the release of blood and uterine lining tissue
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What happens in phase I of the menstral cycle?
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when menstrual flow starts and usually lasts about 4 to 6 days
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What happens in phase II of the menstral cycle?
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involves thickening of the uterus lining and ovulation, or egg-release
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What happens in phase III of the menstral cycle?
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the uterine preparation and ends with decreasing hormone levels adn uterine lining breakdown if no fertilized egg arrives
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What is menopause?
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the gradual shutdown of the ovaries which ends ovulation and menstrual periods
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Why is cell division important?
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We wouldn’t be able to grow or heal by replacing worn-out and damaged cells without cell division.
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Why do you think sex cells must be haploid?
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A sex cell has 23 single chromosomes so that when it joins another sex cell, the two sets of single chromosomes can pair up and produce an organism with 46 chromosomes and unique traits.
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How do you think cancer spreads?
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Something, such as sunlight, causes a mutation in the genes of one cell. When that cell’s chromosomes copy themselves, the new chromosomes both have the mutation.
When the cell divides, both new cells carry the same mutation. Those two cells divide into four cells that carry the mutation, and so on, causing the cancer to grow. |
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How do heredity and genetics explain why people are different?
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People are hybrids. We receive different genetic information from each of our parents. Our parents carry different alleles for the same trait. These alleles can combine in different ways to create different traits in people.
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How does your environment affect your hereditary traits?
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Although genes determine many of your traits, you may be able to influence their expression by the decisions you make. For example, you may have genes that put you at risk for developing skin cancer, but if you limit your exposure to the sun, you may never develop skin cancer.
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Explain how gene therapy could control cystic fibrosis and other genetic disorders.
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People with cystic fibrosis have received faulty genetic information from their parents. Their genes tell their bodies to create thick mucus rather than thin fluid to lubricate the lungs. Gene therapy can be used to infect their cells with viruses carrying normal alleles with correct genetic information.
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How are plant cells different from animal cells?
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They contain cell walls, chlorophyll, and chloroplasts. They perform photosynthesis.
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If you wanted to find a nonvascular plant, where would you look?
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You would look in a damp area, very close to the ground (because they are very small). They might be growing on a rock or tree, because they don’t have roots.
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If you are a gardener, why is it important to know whether your plants are annuals, biennials, or perennials?
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If your plants are annuals, they will die every year and will need to be replaced. If they are biennials, they will die every two years and will need to be replaced. If they are perennials, they will flower again and don’t need to be replaced.
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What is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?
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Gymnosperm plants produce seeds in cones; angiosperm plants use flowers for reproduction and seed making.
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What is the difference between ectotherms and endotherms?
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Ectotherms have an internal body temperature that changes with the temperature of the animal’s surroundings. Endotherms have a nearly constant internal body temperature.
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Why is cartilage important?
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It acts as a shock absorber and reduces friction between bones.
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What are some actions of involuntary muscles?
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Contractions of blood vessels to pump blood, contraction of digestive tract to move food, the pumping of the heart, or blinking are all activities caused by involuntary muscles.
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What happens to a woman at menopause?
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Reproductive hormones decline, ending ovulation and menstrual periods.
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