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119 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acceleration |
the rate at which velocity changes |
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average speed |
the overall rate of speed at which an object moves; distance/time
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centripetal force |
a force that causes an object to move in a circle
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compound machine |
a device that combines two or more simple machines
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distance |
the length of the path between two points
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efficiency |
the percentage of the input work that is converted to output work
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fluid friction |
friction that occurs as an object moves through a fluid
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force |
a push or pull exerted on an object
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free fall |
the motion of a falling object when the only force acting on it is gravity
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friction |
the force that two surfaces exert on each other when they rub against each other |
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fulcrum |
the fixed point around which a lever pivots |
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gravity |
the attractive force between objects; moves objects downhill |
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inclined plane |
a simple machine that is a flat, sloped surface |
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inertia |
the tendency of an object to resist a change in motion |
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input force |
the force exerted on a machine |
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instantaneous speed |
the speed of an object at one instant of time |
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International System of Units |
a system of measurement based on multiples of ten and on established measures of mass, length, and time |
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joule |
the amount of work you do when you exert a force of 1 newton to move an object a distance of 1 meter |
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law of conservation of momentum |
the rule that in the absence of outside forces, the total momentum of objects that interact does not change |
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lever |
a simple machine that consists of a rigid bar that pivots about a fixed point |
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machine |
a device that changes the amount of force exerted, the distance over which force is exerted, or the direction in which force is exerted |
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mass |
the amount of matter in an object |
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mechanical advantage |
the number of times a machine increases a force exerted on it |
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momentum |
the product of an object's mass and velocity
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motion |
the state in which one object's distance to another is changing
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net force |
the overall force on an object when all the individual forces acting on it are added together |
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newton |
a unit of measure that equals the force required to accelerate 1 kg of mass at 1 m per second per second
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output force |
the force exerted on an object by a machine |
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power |
the rate at which one form of energy is transformed into another
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pulley |
a simple machine that consists of a grooved wheel with a rope or cable wrapped around it
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reference point |
a place or object used for comparison to determine if an object is in motion
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rolling friction |
friction that occurs when an object rolls over a surface
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satellite |
any object that orbits around another object in space
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screw |
a simple machine that is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder
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simple machine |
the most basic devise for making work easier; these are smaller building blocks for complex machines
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sliding friction |
friction that occurs when one solid surface slides over another
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slope |
the steepness of a graph line
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speed |
the distance an object travels per unit of time
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static friction |
friction that acts between objects that aren't moving
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velocity |
speed in a given direction
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watt |
the unit of power when one joule of work is done in 1 second
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wedge |
a simple machine that is an inclined plane that moves
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weight |
a measure of the force of gravity acting on an object |
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wheel and axle |
a simple machine that consists of two attached circular or cylindrical objects that rotate about a common axis, each one with a different radius |
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work |
force exerted on an object that causes it to move |
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amorphous solid |
a solid made up of particles that are not arranged in a regular pattern
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atom |
the basic particle from which all elements are made |
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atomic mass |
the average mass of all the isotopes of an element
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atomic number |
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom
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boiling |
vaporization that occurs at and below the surface of a liquid
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boiling point |
the temperature at which a liquid boils
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Boyle's Law |
a principle that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at a constant temperature
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Charles' Law |
a principle that describes the relationship between the temperature and volume of a gas at a constant pressure
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chemical bond |
the force of attraction that holds two atoms together
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chemical change |
a change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances
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chemical energy |
a form of energy that is stored in chemical bonds between atoms
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chemical formula |
symbols that show the elements in a compound and the ratio of atoms
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chemical property |
a characteristic of a substance that describes its ability to change into different substances
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chemical symbol |
a one-or-two letter representation of an element
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chemistry |
the study of the properties of matter and how matter changes
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compound |
a substance made of two or more elements chemically combined in a specific ratio or proportion |
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condensation |
change of state from a gas to a liquid
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covalent bond |
a chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
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crystal |
a solid in which the atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats
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crystalline solid |
a solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern
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density |
the ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume
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directly proportional |
describes the relationship between two variables whose graph is a straight line passing through the point
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double bond |
a chemical bond formed when atoms share two pairs of electrons
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electron |
a tiny negatively charged particle that moves around the outside of the nucleus of an atom
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electron dot diagram |
a representation of the valence electrons in an atom, using dots
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element |
a substance that can't be broken down into any other substance by chemical or physical means
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endothermic change |
a change in which energy is absorbed
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energy level |
a region of an atom in which electrons of the same energy are likely to be found
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evaporation |
the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to change to a gas
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exothermic change |
a change in which energy is released
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fluid |
any substance that can flow
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freezing |
change in state from a liquid to a solid
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gas |
a state of matter with no definite shape or volume
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group |
elements in the same vertical column in the periodic table, also called a family
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International System of Units (SI) |
a system of measurement based on multiples of ten and on established measures of mass, length, and time
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inversely proportional |
a term used to describe the relationship between two variables whose product is constant
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ion |
an atom of group of atoms that has become electrically charged
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ionic bond |
the attraction between oppositely charged ions
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ionic compound |
a compound that consists of positive and negative ions
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isotope |
an atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element |
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law of conservation of mass |
the principle that the total amount of matter is neither created nor destroyed during any chemical or physical change
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liquid |
a state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volume
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mass |
the amount of matter in an object
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mass number |
the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
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matter |
anything that has mass and takes up space
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melting |
the change in state from a solid to a liquid
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melting point |
the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid or vice versa
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mixture |
two or more substances that are together in the same place but their atoms are not chemically bonded
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molecular compound |
a compound that is composed of molecules
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molecule |
a neutral group of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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neutron |
a small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical charge
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nonpolar bond |
a covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally |
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nucleus |
the central core of an atom which contains protons and neutrons
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period |
a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table
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periodic table |
an arrangement of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties
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physical change |
a change that alters the form or appearance of a material but does not make the material into another substance
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physical property |
a characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance
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polar bond |
a covalent bond in which electrons are shared unequally
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polyatomic ion |
an ion that is made of more than one atom
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pressure |
the force pushing on a surface divided by the area of that surface
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protons |
small, positively charged particles that are found in the nucleus of an atom
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solid |
a state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume |
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sublimation |
the change in state from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state |
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subscript |
a number in a chemical formula that tells the number of atoms in a molecule or the ratio of elements in a compound |
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substance |
a single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties |
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surface tension |
the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together; cause the surface to act like a thin skin |
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temperature |
a measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance |
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thermal energy |
the total energy of the motion of all the particles of an object |
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triple bond |
a chemical bond formed when atoms share three pairs of electrons |
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valence electrons |
the electrons that are in the highest energy level of an atom and that are involved in chemical bonding |
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vaporization |
the change in state from a liquid to a gas |
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viscosity |
a liquid's resistance to flowing |
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volume |
the amount of space that matter occupies |
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weight |
a measure of the force of gravity acting on an object |
