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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atom
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the smallest part of an element that still retains the same properties of the element
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Matter
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something that has mass and occupies space
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Mass
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the amount of matter a substance contains
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Element
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the building blocks of all matter
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Proton
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positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom
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Neutron
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particles in the nucleus of an atom that have no charge; neutral
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Electron
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negatively charged particles orbiting around the nucleus of an atom
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Periodic Table
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a table of the chemical elements arranged into groups based on similar properties
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Solid
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composed of molecules that are compacted together and do not move
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Gas
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composed of molecules that move at high speeds and take the shape of the container; vibrate more freely at higher speeds
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Liquid
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composed of molecules that move freely among themselves but do not tend to separate like those of gases
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Solubility
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the ability of substance to dissolve
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Density
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mass per unit volume
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Volume
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the amount of space an object occupies
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Melting Point
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the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid; it is equal to the freezing point
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Boiling Point
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the temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor or gas
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Hypothesis
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a statement that can be tested; an educated guess
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Independent Variable
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a variable that is intentionally changed to observe its effect on the dependent variable
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Dependent Variable
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the variable that you measure in the experiment
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Data
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any fact assumed to be a matter of direct observation
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Proton
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positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom
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Mass
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the amount of matter a substance contains
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Volume
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the amount of space an object occupies
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Density
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the mass per unit volume
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Energy
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the ability to cause change
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Kinetic Energy
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the energy of motion
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Potential Energy
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the stored energy in an object due to its position
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Mechanical Energy
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energy due to an object’s motion or potential
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Electromagnetic Energy
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light energy
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Electrical Energy
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energy caused by the movements of electrons
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Chemical Energy
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energy that is available for release from chemical reactions
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Thermal Energy
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heat energy
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Conductor
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a material that transfers heat easily; ex: copper
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Insulator
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a material that does not conduct heat easily; ex: rubber, glass
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Conduction
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the direct transfer of thermal energy between objects that touch
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Convection
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the transfer of energy by the movement of currents within a fluid or gas
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Radiation
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the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves
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Electromagnetic Waves
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a wave vibrating electric and magnetic fields
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Thermal Energy
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the sum of kinetic and potential energy of the particles in a material
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Heat Transfer
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the process where thermal energy moves from warmer to colder objects
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Reflection
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the light energy bouncing off an object or surface
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Refraction
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the light energy bending as it moves from one medium into another medium
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Wavelength
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the distance between the top of one crest to the top of the next crest (or from trough to trough)
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Infrared
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having a wavelength just greater than that of the red end of the visible light spectrum but less than that of microwaves; sensors detect body heat
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Ultraviolet
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(of light) consisting of rays from the invisible part of the spectrum beyond the purple, that have an effect on the skin, causing suntan.
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Ozone
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An unstable, poisonous gas of oxygen, O3, that is formed naturally in the ozone layer from atmospheric oxygen by exposure to ultraviolet radiation
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Visible Spectrum
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the portion of the Electromagnetic Spectrum that can be detected by the human eye
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends
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Electromagnetic Radiation
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a kind of radiation including visible light, radio waves, gamma rays, and x-rays, in which electric and magnetic fields vary
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Wave
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a periodic disturbance of the particles of a substance
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Amplitude
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the maximum height of a wave crest or depth of a trough
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Frequency
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the number of wavelengths that pass a given point in a certain time
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Wavelength
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the distance between the top of one crest to the top of the next crest (or from trough to trough)
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Transverse Waves
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a type of mechanical waves in which the wave energy causes matter in a medium to move up and down or back and forth at right angles to the direction the wave travels
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Longitudinal Waves
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a wave (as a sound wave) in which the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction of the line of the wave
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Compression
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a point on a medium through which a longitudinal wave is traveling that has the maximum density. A region where the coils are spread apart Vocabulary
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Rarefaction
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A decrease in density and pressure in a medium, such as air, especially when caused by the passage of a wave, such as a sound wave.
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outer ear
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the outer visible portion of the ear that collects and directs sound waves toward the tympanic membrane by way of a canal which extends inward through the temporal lobe
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ear canal
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the tubular passage of the outer ear
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middle ear
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a small, membrane-lined cavity that transmits sound waves
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ossicles
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a small bone or boney structure; one of the three small bones of the middle ear
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eardrum
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the thin membrane that separates the outer and middle ear and carries sound waves as vibrations to the chain of tiny bones in the middle ear
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inner ear
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the part of the ear that is most important for hearing; contains the ends of the nerves which send nerve impulses concerned with hearing and balance to the brain
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cochlea
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a hollow tube of the inner ear of higher vertebrates that is usually coiled like a snail shell; contains the endings of the nerve which carries information about sound to the brain
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Plate Tectonic
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a theory in geology that says the lithosphere of the earth is divided into smaller plates that float on and travel independently over the mantle
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Pangaea
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the belief that Earth’s continents were once one big supercontinent
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Plate Boundaries
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plates move, diverge (pull apart), or converge (come together) along their borders and build up energy
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Lithosphere
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rigid layer of Earth about 100km thick, made of the crust and part of the upper mantle
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Subduction
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a type of plate movement that occurs when one plate sinks beneath another plate
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Rift
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long cracks, fissures, or trough that forms between tectonic plates moving apart at plate boundaries
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Fault
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large fracture in rocks along which movement occurs
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Magnitude
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a measure of the energy released by an earthquake
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Epicenter
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point on which Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus
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Focus
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the location where the earthquake begins
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Humus
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Dark colored, decayed organic matter that supplies nutrients to plants and is found mainly in topsoil
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Erosion
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process in which surface materials are worn away.
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Sedimentary Rock
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A type of rock made from pieces of other rocks, dissolved minerals, or plant and animal matter that collect to form rock layers
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Metamorphic Rock
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New rock that forms when existing rock is heated or squeezed.
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Weathering
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Mechanical or chemical surface processes that break rock into smaller pieces.
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Rock Cycle
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Diagram that shows the slow, continuous process of rocks changing from one type to another
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Horizon
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Each layer in a soil profile-A(top), B (Middle), C (bottom)
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Igneous Rock
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Instructive or extractive rock that is produced when melted rock from inside earth cools and hardens
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Crystals
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Solid material with atoms arranged in a repeating pattern
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Minerals
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Solid material found in nature that always has the same chemical makeup.
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Soil
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Mixture of weathered rock and mineral fragments
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Pedoshpere
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outermost layer of Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes
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Stewardship
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the responsible overseeing and protection of something considered worth caring for and preserving:
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Contour Farming
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planting along the natural contours of the land to reduce soil erosion
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Vegetative Cover
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ground cover of trees, grasslands, plants, and shrubs
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Conservation Plowing
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plowing on the curves of slopes; helpful so rainwater does not run straight down hill
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Conservation
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careful use of resources to reduce damage to the environment EX Recycling and composting
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Agriculture
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The science of cultivating land, producing crops, and raising livestock.
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Remote Sensing
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technology like using satellite imagery to detect moisture in the soil
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Pistil
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the female parts of the flower
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Petal
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attracts bees and insects with their bright color and smell
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Stamen
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the male parts of the flower
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Anther
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makes the pollen
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Filament
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gives the anther support
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Style
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protects the pollen as it travels to the ovary
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Stigma
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attracts pollen with its sticky top
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Ovary
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holds the eggs (ovules) that will combine with the pollen grain
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Sepal
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protects the flower bud and supports the flower
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Cuticle
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waxy layer that coats surface of stems, leaves, and other plant parts exposed to the air; keeps plants from drying out
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Reproduction
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the process of making more of the same type of plant
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Pollination
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the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of a plant
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Epidermis
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thin layer of cells forming the outer integument of seed plants and ferns
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Stomata
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tiny openings in a plants epidermis through which carbon dioxide, water vapor and oxygen enter and exit
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Guard Cell
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pairs of cells that surround stomata and control their openings and closings
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Glucose
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the sugar created from photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis
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process where plants use light energy to make their own food
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Respiration
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series of chemical reactions used to release energy stored in food molecules
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Transpiration
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the evaporation of water from the plant, especially from the leaves
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Chlorophyll
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green light-trapping pigment in plants
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Dormancy
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a period in a plant’s life where growth and development are temporarily stopped
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Tropism
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positive or negative plant response to an external stimulus such as touch, light, or gravity
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Ecosystem
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all the living organisms that live in an area and the nonliving features of their environment
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Water Cycle
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model describing how water moves from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back to the surface again
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Nitrogen Cycle
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model describing how nitrogen moves from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organism, and then back to the atmosphere
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Carbon Cycle
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model describing how carbon molecules move between the living and nonliving world
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Abiotic
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nonliving, physical feature of the environment including air, water, sunlight, soil, temperature and climate
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Biotic
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features of the environment that are alive or were once alive
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Autotroph
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an organism that can make its own food from substances that do not come from other living things
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Heterotroph
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an organism that cannot make its own food and must obtain it by eating other animals or plants
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Biome
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the world’s major communities, classified according to the vegetation and characterized by adaptations of organisms
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Population
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the members of one species in an area
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Community
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the living things in an ecosystem
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Limiting Factors
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a part of the environment that controls the growth or survival of a population
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Predator
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an animal that lives by killing and eating other animals
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Adaptations
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a characteristic that enables a living thing to survive in its environment
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Extinct
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no longer existing (gone)
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Endangered
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threatened with extinction (almost gone)
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Rotation
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the spinning of an object/spinning of Earth on its axis
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Revolution
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the orbit of a planet around the sun or a satellite around a planet/Earth’s yearly orbit
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Ellipise
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an oval shape/elongated, closed curve that describes Earth’s yearlong orbit around the sun
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Solstice
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twice, yearly point at which the Sun reaches its greatest distance north or south of the equator
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Equinox
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twice yearly-spring and fall-when the Sun is over the equator and the number of daylight and nighttime hours are equal worldwide
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Season
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each of the four divisions of the year
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Gravitational Force
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the force of attraction between all masses in the universe
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Tides
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the alternate rising and falling of the sea, usually twice in each lunar day at a particular place, due to the attraction of the moon and sun
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Lunar Eclipse
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an eclipse in which the moon appears darkened as it passes into the Earth’s shadow
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Solar Eclipse
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an eclipse in which the sun is obscured by the moon
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Atmosphere
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a mass of gases that surround a planet or star
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Natural Satellite
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a celestial body that orbits a planet or smaller body ex:moon
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Artificial Satellite
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man made equipment that orbits around the earth or the moon
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Asteroid
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the irregular-shaped rocks, smaller than planets that revolve around the sun
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Meteors
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a meteoroid (space rock or dust from a comet or broken up asteroid) that burns in the atmosphere
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Comets
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a combination of ice, dust, and rock material that moves in an orbit around the sun
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Solar System
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the sun and all objects revolving around the sun
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Galaxy
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a group of billions of stars
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Astronomy
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the study of celestial bodies that include stars, planets, and comets
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Telescope
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a device that collects light from and magnifies images of distant objects
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Space Station
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large facility with living quarters, work and exercise areas and equipment and support systems for humans to live and work in space and conduct research
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Probes
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unmanned spacecrafts launched into space in order to collect data about the solar system
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Rocket
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a jet engine that operates like a firework rocket but carries its own oxygen for burning the fuel and is therefore able to run without the oxygen in air
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Space Shuttle
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a spacecraft designed to transport people and cargo between earth and space that can be used repeatedly
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International Space Shuttle
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16 countries contributed to building a large spacecraft that orbits Earth and is home to austraunts since 2000
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Chandra X-Ray-Observatory
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telescope specially designed to detect x-ray emission from very hot regions of the universe such as exploded stars, clusters of galaxies and matter around black holes (1999)
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Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
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first gamma-ray observatory; mapped the Milky Way (1991)
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Hubble Telescope
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long term space based observatory carried out invisible, infrared and UV
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Fermi-Gamma-Ray Telescope
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the latest high energy gamma-ray observatory designed to study energetic phenomena from a variety of celestial sources
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Spitzer Space Telescope
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a spaceborne infrared observatory capable of studying objects ranging from our Solar System to the distant reaches of the universe (2003)
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