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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define variation |
Differences in characteristics of organisms caused by genetic and environmental factors |
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Biological diversity |
The number and variety of organisms in an area |
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Species |
A group of organisms that share similar genetic and physical characteristics, generally these organisms can interbreed and produce fertile offspring ie. mules and ligers cannot reproduce |
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Speciation |
The evolution of a species from a single ancestor |
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Structural adaptation |
An inherited physical characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment |
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Behavioural adaptation |
An inherited characteristic behaviour that helps an organism survive in its environment |
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Environment |
The area or conditions in which an organism lives; sometimes used to refer exclusively to natural areas on earth |
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Competition |
The struggle among individual organisms for access to limited resources, such as food or territory |
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Generalist |
An organism with generalized requirements and adaptations that allow it to survive in variable conditions and depend on a variety of food sources; generalists tend to have broad niches |
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Specialist |
A type of organism that is adapted to very specific environment and has a narrow niche |
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Broad niche |
The roles or characteristic activities filled by a generalist organism |
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Narrow niche |
A highly specialized role or characteristic activity undertaken by an organisms in an ecosystem |
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Specialization |
Adaptations for surviving in very specific environments |
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Symbiotic relationship |
An interaction between organisms in different species living in close contact to each other in a relationship that lasts over time |
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Heritable |
A genetic characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring |
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Asexual reproduction |
The formation of a new individual from a single organism |
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Spore |
A single celled reproductive structure from such an individual offspring develops. ie. Plants, algae, fungi and some Protozoa produce spores |
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Zoospore |
A flagellated asexual spore ie. the alga chlamydomonas reproduces by zoospores |
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Meristem |
An area of cell division of unspecialized cells in the tips of roots and shoots that produces new growth in plants |
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Clone |
An identical copy of a molecule, gene, cell, or entire organism |
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Clone |
An identical copy of a molecule, gene, cell, or entire organism |
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Budding |
An asexual reproduction process in which a bud forms on an organism, grows, and eventually breaks away to become a new organism independent of the parent |
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Clone |
An identical copy of a molecule, gene, cell, or entire organism |
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Budding |
An asexual reproduction process in which a bud forms on an organism, grows, and eventually breaks away to become a new organism independent of the parent |
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Sexual reproduction |
Reproductive process involving two sexes or mating types and resulting in offspring with a combination of genes from both parents |
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Clone |
An identical copy of a molecule, gene, cell, or entire organism |
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Budding |
An asexual reproduction process in which a bud forms on an organism, grows, and eventually breaks away to become a new organism independent of the parent |
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Sexual reproduction |
Reproductive process involving two sexes or mating types and resulting in offspring with a combination of genes from both parents |
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Bacterial conjugation |
The direct transfer or genetic material (DNA) from one bacterial call to another |
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Zygote |
The new cell formed by the process of fertilization |
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Embryo |
A multi-cellular organisms during early development |
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Cotyledon |
A seed leaf; a structure in a seed that nourishes the plant embryo |
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Self pollination |
Pollination of an ovule in a flower with pollen from the same flower |
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Cross pollination |
Pollination of an ovule in a flower with pollen from a different individual plant |
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Genetics |
The study of genes or heritable traits |
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Continuous variation |
In genetics, traits that show a range of possibilities |
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Discrete variation |
In genetics, inherited traits that have a limited number of variations, such as the ability or inability to roll ones tongue |
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Discrete variation |
In genetics, inherited traits that have a limited number of variations, such as the ability or inability to roll ones tongue |
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Dominant trait |
An inherited trait that shows up in offspring |
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Recessive trait |
An inherited trait that shows up in the offspring only if both parents passed on the genes got the trait; when mixed with genes for a dominant trait, a recessive trait does not show up in the offspring |
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Mutation |
A change in the genetic information or DNA of an organism |
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Mutagen |
An agent that can cause changes in the genetic information of an organism |
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DNA |
(Deoxyribonucleic acid) a molecule that’ stores genetic information for heritable traits and directs the structure and function of the cells |
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DNA |
(Deoxyribonucleic acid) a molecule that’ stores genetic information for heritable traits and directs the structure and function of the cells |
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Chromosome |
In a cell, tightly packed strands of DNA visible under light microscope during cel division |
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DNA |
(Deoxyribonucleic acid) a molecule that’ stores genetic information for heritable traits and directs the structure and function of the cells |
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Chromosome |
In a cell, tightly packed strands of DNA visible under light microscope during cel division |
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Gene |
A section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific protein and function |
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Somatic cells |
Body cells |
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Somatic cells |
Body cells |
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Genetic engineering |
The artificial introduction of genes from one organisms into the genetic material of another organism |
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Biotechnology |
Using or modifying living organisms to make marketable products; sometimes involves genetic engineering |
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Transgenic |
An organism produced by moving DNA from one organism to another to create a new genetic combination |
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Transgenic |
An organism produced by moving DNA from one organism to another to create a new genetic combination |
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Aquaculture |
Fish farming |
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Transgenic |
An organism produced by moving DNA from one organism to another to create a new genetic combination |
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Aquaculture |
Fish farming |
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Mitosis |
The process by which genetic material is duplicated and divided so that the two new cells have identical sets of chromosomes |
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Transgenic |
An organism produced by moving DNA from one organism to another to create a new genetic combination |
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Aquaculture |
Fish farming |
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Mitosis |
The process by which genetic material is duplicated and divided so that the two new cells have identical sets of chromosomes |
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Meiosis |
The formation of the gametes by which genetic material is duplicated and divided so that each hamate has half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cells |
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Transgenic |
An organism produced by moving DNA from one organism to another to create a new genetic combination |
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Aquaculture |
Fish farming |
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Mitosis |
The process by which genetic material is duplicated and divided so that the two new cells have identical sets of chromosomes |
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Meiosis |
The formation of the gametes by which genetic material is duplicated and divided so that each hamate has half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cells |
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Domestic animal |
An animal that is no longer wild, but has been bred or tamed by humans to perform various functions |
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Transgenic |
An organism produced by moving DNA from one organism to another to create a new genetic combination |
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Aquaculture |
Fish farming |
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Mitosis |
The process by which genetic material is duplicated and divided so that the two new cells have identical sets of chromosomes |
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Meiosis |
The formation of the gametes by which genetic material is duplicated and divided so that each hamate has half the number of chromosomes of a somatic cells |
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Domestic animal |
An animal that is no longer wild, but has been bred or tamed by humans to perform various functions |
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Artificial selection |
Technique in which individual plants or animals with desirable traits are bred together to develope plants or animals with specific traits; also called selective breeding |
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Selective breeding |
Technique in which individual plants or animals with desirable traits are bred together to developed plants or animals with specific traits; also called artificial selection |
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Selective breeding |
Technique in which individual plants or animals with desirable traits are bred together to developed plants or animals with specific traits; also called artificial selection |
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Natural selection |
A naturally occurring process in which only those organisms with the best traits for survival in an environment survive to reproduce; over time this process results in changes in the genetic characteristics of a species |
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Extirpation |
The extinction of a species from specific geographic areas |
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Extirpation |
The extinction of a species from specific geographic areas |
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Bio-indicator species |
Species that help indicate environmental change |
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Extirpation |
The extinction of a species from specific geographic areas |
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Bio-indicator species |
Species that help indicate environmental change |
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Seed bank |
A collection of genetically diverse seeds |
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Extirpation |
The extinction of a species from specific geographic areas |
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Bio-indicator species |
Species that help indicate environmental change |
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Seed bank |
A collection of genetically diverse seeds |
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Global treaties |
International agreements between many nations worldwide |
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Protected areas |
Natural areas protected by law from certain kinds of human activities; includes preserves, refuges, and provincial and notional parks |
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Why don’t warblers occupy the same niche? |
Because they eat different things and live in different parts of the tree |
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Why don’t warblers occupy the same niche? |
Because they eat different things and live in different parts of the tree |
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Give 3 examples of a generalist With a broad niche |
1. Coyote 2. Wolf 3. Caribou |
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Why don’t warblers occupy the same niche? |
Because they eat different things and live in different parts of the tree |
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Give 3 examples of a generalist With a broad niche |
1. Coyote 2. Wolf 3. Caribou |
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Give 3 examples of specialist with a narrow niche |
1. Toucan 2. Polar bear 3. Koala |
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What is the trap of specialization? |
If an organism gets too specialized, it will not survive any sudden changes in its environment |
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Give 2 examples of mutualism |
1. Bee and a flower 2. Oxpecker bird and rhino |
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Give 2 examples of mutualism |
1. Bee and a flower 2. Oxpecker bird and rhino |
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Give 2 examples of commensalism |
1. Barnacles on whales 2. Birds nest in a tree |
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Give 2 examples of mutualism |
1. Bee and a flower 2. Oxpecker bird and rhino |
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Give 2 examples of commensalism |
1. Barnacles on whales 2. Birds nest in a tree |
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Give 2 examples of parasitism |
1. Mosquito and mammal 2. Tapeworm and human |
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Give 3 examples of life in the extreme |
1. Antarctic Springdale adapted to extreme cold. It produces antifreeze in its tissue, allowing it to survive to up to -35 degrees Celsius 2. Snow algae have cell membranes adapted to cold. It produces food through photosynthesis. It can produce red pigments to protect against too much sun (damaging sun rays) 3. Desert spade foot frog survives in the desert sands of australia. It can remain inactive got years, buried in the desert sand awaiting rain |
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Name 9 methods of asexual reproduction |
Budding, cuttings, runners, binary fission, seeds, layering, bulbs, spores/zoospores |
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Name 9 methods of asexual reproduction |
Budding, cuttings, runners, binary fission, seeds, layering, bulbs, spores/zoospores |
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Give an example of an organism that uses budding |
Hydras and sponges |
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Name 9 methods of asexual reproduction |
Budding, cuttings, runners, binary fission, seeds, layering, bulbs, spores/zoospores |
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Give an example of an organism that uses budding |
Hydras and sponges |
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Give an example of an organism that uses bulbs |
Flowers |
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Name 9 methods of asexual reproduction |
Budding, cuttings, runners, binary fission, seeds, layering, bulbs, spores/zoospores |
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Give an example of an organism that uses budding |
Hydras and sponges |
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Give an example of an organism that uses bulbs |
Flowers |
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Name an organism that can reproduce sexually and asexually |
Fungus rhizopus |
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Why would a rhizopus want to reproduce sexually or asexually? |
If it can’t find a mate, doesn’t have enough energy or conditions around it are dangerous, the rhizopus might reproduce asexually. |
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What are two ways a plant can reproduce sexually |
Angiosperms: (flowers) Gymnosperms: (cones) |
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Explain the difference between external and internal fertilization |
Internal fertilization is when the sperm and egg meet inside the female body, and external fertilization is when the sperm is released into water by fish or amphibians in hopes of finding eggs to fertilize |
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Explain the difference between continuous and discrete variation |
Continuous variation has many possibilities, discrete variation is either one or the other |
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Explain the difference between continuous and discrete variation |
Continuous variation has many possibilities, discrete variation is either one or the other |
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Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits |
Dominant traits are traits that show up in offspring. Recessive are traits that are often hidden unless the offspring receives both recessive genes from the parents |
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Explain the difference between continuous and discrete variation |
Continuous variation has many possibilities, discrete variation is either one or the other |
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Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits |
Dominant traits are traits that show up in offspring. Recessive are traits that are often hidden unless the offspring receives both recessive genes from the parents |
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What is polydactylism |
Many fingers |
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Explain the difference between continuous and discrete variation |
Continuous variation has many possibilities, discrete variation is either one or the other |
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Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits |
Dominant traits are traits that show up in offspring. Recessive are traits that are often hidden unless the offspring receives both recessive genes from the parents |
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What is polydactylism |
Many fingers |
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Examples of variations that occur WITHIN a species |
Variation in size |
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Explain the difference between continuous and discrete variation |
Continuous variation has many possibilities, discrete variation is either one or the other |
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Explain the difference between dominant and recessive traits |
Dominant traits are traits that show up in offspring. Recessive are traits that are often hidden unless the offspring receives both recessive genes from the parents |
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What is polydactylism |
Many fingers |
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Examples of variations that occur WITHIN a species |
Variation in size |
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Example of variation that occurs BETWEEN species |
Ducks have webbed feet, horses have hooves |
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A niche involves the following: |
1. Habitat 2. Food source 3. Predators 4. Reproduction |
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What determines if a type of animal is a species? |
Structural and behavioural adaptations, how they look. Species is a group of organisms that share genetics and physical characteristics and produce fertile offspring. What |
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What is an allele? |
One or the other alternative form of a gene |
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What is the difference between a genotype and a phenotype? |
A genotype is the allele symbol, the phenotype is what you can physically see |
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What is the difference between nature and nurture |
Nature is what you genetically inherit, nurture is how your environment affects your genetics |
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What is the difference between nature and nurture |
Nature is what you genetically inherit, nurture is how your environment affects your genetics |
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Define epigenetics |
The study of how environment and behaviour can affect how your genes work |
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Which match? ACGT |
A+T C+G |
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Which match? ACGT |
A+T C+G |
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What is the full name for each? C G A T |
Cytosine Guanine Thymine Adenine |
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Which match? ACGT |
A+T C+G |
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What is the full name for each? C G A T |
Cytosine Guanine Thymine Adenine |
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What are the sides of the DNA ladder composed of? |
Alternating subunits / sugars and phosphates |
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What are the rungs of the DNA ladder composed of? |
Pairs of nitrogen bases: G+C and A+T |
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What are the rungs of the DNA ladder composed of? |
Pairs of nitrogen bases: G+C and A+T |
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3 examples of genetic engineering |
1. Gene for canola for resistance to round up 2. Growth gene for salmon to grow larger faster 3. Short wheat |
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What are the rungs of the DNA ladder composed of? |
Pairs of nitrogen bases: G+C and A+T |
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3 examples of genetic engineering |
1. Gene for canola for resistance to round up 2. Growth gene for salmon to grow larger faster 3. Short wheat |
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What is today’s rate of extinction? |
70 per day |
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What are the rungs of the DNA ladder composed of? |
Pairs of nitrogen bases: G+C and A+T |
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3 examples of genetic engineering |
1. Gene for canola for resistance to round up 2. Growth gene for salmon to grow larger faster 3. Short wheat |
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What is today’s rate of extinction? |
70 per day |
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What factors lead to increased biodiversity in different areas? |
Heat, light, rain |
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What 2 animals have gone extinct to human activity? What was the activity? |
Passenger pigeon and wooly mammoth = over hunting |
