Science Subtest Ii: Heat Transfer And Thermodynamics

Front 1

principle of conservation of energy

Back 1

Conservation of energy, sometimes called the first law of thermodynamics, states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. Energy, however, can be transferred from one form to another

Front 2

occurs when heat travels though the heated solid

Back 2

conduction

Front 3

heat transported by the movement of a heated substance

Back 3

convection

Front 4

heat transfer as the result of electromagnetic waves

Back 4

radiation

Front 5

example of conduction

Back 5

if you place an iron plan on a flame, the handle will eventually become hot. how fast the handle gets too hot to handle is a function of the amount of heat and how long it is applied.

Front 6

transfer rate for conduction

Back 6

the ratio of the amount of heat per amount of time it takes to transfer heat from an area of an object to another

Front 7

the shorter amount of time it takes to heat the handle, the _______ the transfer rate

Back 7

greater

Front 8

example of convection

Back 8

lower floors of building being cooler than top floor

Front 9

example of radiation

Back 9

the sun warms the earth through the radiation of electromagnetic waves
microwave oven
campfire

Front 10

transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact with each other

Back 10

conduction

Front 11

when electromagnetic waves travel through space it is called _______

Back 11

radiation

Front 12

explain heat transfer of radiation

Back 12

when electromagnetic waves come in contact with an object, the wave tranfers heat to that object

Front 13

the up and down movement of gases and liquids caused by heat transfer

Back 13

convection

Front 14

explain the method of heat transfer by convection

Back 14

as a gas or liquid is heated, it warms, expands, and rises because it is less dense. when the gas or liquid cools it becomes denser and falls. this creates a convection current

Front 15

convection is the primary method by which

Back 15

heat moves through gases and liquids

Front 16

temperature change is ______ for a gain in heat energy

Back 16

positive

Front 17

temperature change is ______ when heat is removed from the object or system

Back 17

negative

Front 18

formula for heat transfer

Back 18

Q=mc (triangle)T
Q= amount of heat energy transferred
m = amount of substance (in kilograms)
c = specific heat of the substance
(triangle)T = change in temperature of substance

Front 19

if two objects have different temperatures and come into contact with each other, heat flows from

Back 19

the hotter object to cooler

Front 20

example of heat transfer

Back 20

set a hot coffee cup on a table, heat flows from cup to table (example of conduction)

Front 21

measure of energy

Back 21

heat

Front 22

measure of how hot (or cold) a body is with respect to a standard object

Back 22

temperature

Front 23

explain how chemical energy in fuel is transformed to heat

Back 23

Chemical energy is stored in fuel as potential energy and can be released when these compounds undergo chemical reactions. For example, when fuel is burned, the chemical energy is converted to heat energy

Front 24

physical change

Back 24

in a physician change, the chemical composition of the object does not change. If you melt ice, the physical change has occurred (solid substance into a liquid substance, but its chemical composition is still the same (water), H2O).

Front 25

chemical change

Back 25

in a chemical change, a chemical reaction takes place. The composition of the object changes and we observe a new set of properties; the formation of a new substance. For example, an antacid dropped in a glass of water produces water. A firework displays colorful lights. When a new substance is formed, we usually observe one or more of the following:

permanent change in color

odor (gas)

bubbles (gas released)

light (energy released)

heat (energy released)

formation of solid substance by combining two solutions

Front 26

temperature

Back 26

the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object. Temperature in science is measured in Celsius or Kelvin.

Front 27

heat

Back 27

the transfer of kinetic energy from one object to another. According to the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics, heat always transfers from a hot object to a cold one, never the reverse

Front 28

food chain

Back 28

A food chain is a diagram which depicts the series of organisms which eat each other, starting with a producer (generally a plant) and ending with the apex species.

Front 29

what is the rule of 10 in a food chain

Back 29

It is useful to think of food chains using the rule of 10% which says that generally each successive species in a food chain receives about 10% of the energy of the preceding species. Food chains are linear, unlike food webs which are more complex

Front 30

food web

Back 30

A food web is a diagram that shows all the pathways of energy flow in a community. The food web is similar to a food chain in that it depicts organisms which eat each other. However, a food web is more complex as it shows how herbivores, carnivores, omnivores, decomposers and detritivores interact with one another

Front 31

carbon cycle

Back 31

The carbon cycle is a cycle where carbon is exchanged throughout the Earths atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere, the oceans and sediments. Carbon in living organisms turns to soil when they die, entering the sediment. Then, it might return to the biosphere in the form of a plant growing out of that soil which is eaten by an animal. That animal emits carbon in the form of carbon dioxide as a product of respiration.

Front 32

water cycle

Back 32

The water cycle tracks the movement of water as it progresses through the states of matter and travels through the biosphere. Most of the water on earth is found in its oceans, but when the surface of a body of water gets warm it vaporizes, entering the air as gas and rising to form clouds. As more an more water enters the air it precipitates and falls to earth as rain or snow. Then it either returns to the oceans or falls to earth, sinking into the soil or flowing into rivers

Front 33

phosphorous cycle

Back 33

The phosphorous cycle follows the movement of phosphorous through the biosphere. Phosphorous is found in many forms, both organic and inorganic, but is most commonly found in the phosphate ion. Phosphorous is essential for both plants and animals. In biotic processes, plants remove phosphorous from the soil, animals eat plants and so on. In abiotic processes, phosphate is released by rocks due to weathering, then is deposited in the soil or water through leaching or runoff

Front 34

nitrogen cycle

Back 34

The nitrogen cycle follows the movement of nitrogen in its different forms. Nitrogenous gas makes up 80% of the atmosphere and most nitrogen enters into the ecosystem via nitrogen-fixing bacteria, but many organisms still struggle with nitrogen availability because they cannot use it in that form. The process of making nitrogen accessible is called nitrogen fixation. Many forms of bacteria are capable of this. Many of these bacteria are found in the soil but some species have a symbiotic relationship with microbes which are capable of fixation. Other key processes include nitrification, denitrification, and ammonification