Science Study Review For Module 13

Front 1

A nucleotide that functions in the transfer of energy during the metabolism of glucose.

Back 1

Adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Front 2

A nucleotide that is the primary source of energy in all living cells because of its function in donating a phosphate group during biochemical activities.

Back 2

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Front 3

An appendage to the large intestine.

Back 3

Appendix

Front 4

A fluid that is secreted by the liver, stored in the gallbladder, and discharged into the duodenum and aids in the digestion and absorption of fats.

Back 4

Bile

Front 5

A soft, roundish mass or lump, esp. of chewed food.

Back 5

Bolus

Front 6

A change in the chemical nature of food, such as the conversion of starch to glucose and proteins to their constituent amino acids.

Back 6

Chemical digestion

Front 7

The semi-fluid mass into which a bolus of food is converted by gastric secretions and which passes from the stomach into the small intestine.

Back 7

Chyme

Front 8

The process by which an organism breaks down its food into small units that can be absorbed.

Back 8

Digestion

Front 9

Any of various proteins, as pepsin and amylase, originating from living cells and capable of producing certain chemical changes in organic substances, as in digestion.

Back 9

Enzyme

Front 10

Waste matter discharged from the intestines through the anus; excrement.

Back 10

Feces

Front 11

The colorless, watery, acidic digestive fluid that is secreted by various glands in the mucous membrane of the stomach and consists chiefly of hydrochloric acid and proteins that assist in the chemical digestion of ingested protein.

Back 11

Gastric juice

Front 12

To take into the body by the mouth for digestion or absorption.

Back 12

Ingestion

Front 13

secretions of the pancreas into the small intestine. contains a number of important proteins (enzymes) involved in the chemical digestion of carbohydrates, proteins and fat.

Back 13

Pancreatic juice

Front 14

The breaking up of food into small pieces by chewing.

Back 14

Physical digestion

Front 15

Enzymes that break the bonds connecting the amino acids in proteins and polypeptides to release the amino acids.

Back 15

Proteases and Peptidases

Front 16

The watery mixture of secretions from the salivary glands that lubricates chewed food, moistens the mouth and throat, and initiates the chemical digestion of polysaccharides

Back 16

Saliva

Front 17

A circular band of voluntary or involuntary muscle that encircles and closes an orifice of the body or one of its hollow organs.

Back 17

Sphincter

Front 18

According to Darwin, these are organs or structures remaining or surviving in a degenerate, atrophied, or imperfect condition or form.

Back 18

Vestivial organ

Front 19

Any of the fingerlike projuctions on the surface of certain membranes, esp. on the mucous membrane of the small intestine, functioning to increase the area for the absorption, secretion, or exchange of materials.

Back 19

Villi (pl) or Villus (sing)

Front 20

A chemical substance essential for the normal working of the human body.

Back 20

Vitamin

Front 21

What is the process by which an organism breaks down food into small units which can be absorbed called?

Back 21

Digestion

Front 22

Give an example of something that is ingested.

Back 22

Anything that is food or water.

Front 23

___________ and ___________ are the two main parts of digestion.

Back 23

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL are the two main parts of digestion.

Front 24

Give an example of physical digestion.

Back 24

chewing, swallowing

Front 25

What was in the crackers that turned them blue in the presence of iodine?

Back 25

starch

Front 26

Why did the chewed cracker have a lighter blue color?

Back 26

Starch turns to glucose

Front 27

__________ is another, more commonly used name for saliva.

Back 27

Spit

Front 28

_________ is the chemical agent in the saliva that can break down starch.

Back 28

Amylase

Front 29

Name an important monosaccharide.

Back 29

Glucose, fructose, and galactose.

Front 30

What monosaccharide is the major fuel for our brains?

Back 30

glucose

Front 31

What are the five things that happen when food enters the mouth?

Back 31

1. chewing
2. swallowing
3. mixing with saliva
4. forming it into bolus
5. tasting

Front 32

What in the mouth cuts, crushes, and grinds the food?

Back 32

teeth

Front 33

According to your textbook, how many different kinds of teeth are there?

Back 33

4

(molars, premolars, incisors, canines)

Front 34

What glands produce saliva?

Back 34

salivary glands

Front 35

Besides moistening the food what else does saliva do?

Back 35

Chemically break it down

Front 36

Salivary glands don't function all the time. What turns salivary glands on?

Back 36

smelling food

Front 37

Who demonstrated that senses other than taste and smell can cause the salivary glands to produce saliva?

Back 37

Pavlov

Front 38

What happened when Pavlov rang a bell?

Back 38

The dogs salivated

Front 39

What purpose does the tongue serve?

Back 39

move food around / taste

Front 40

What seals off your nose when you swallow?

Back 40

soft palate

Front 41

From the mouth where does the food go next?

Back 41

pharynx

Front 42

What two things pass through the pharynx?

Back 42

air and food

Front 43

What structure keeps the food that we swallow from going into the lungs?

Back 43

epiglottis

Front 44

From the Pharynx, where does the food go next?

Back 44

esophagus

Front 45

The esophagus is walled with muscles that contract to move food down to the stomach. From our study of muscles, what kind of muscles would these be?

Back 45

smooth muscles

Front 46

Once the bolus of food gets to the end of the esophagus where does it go?

Back 46

stomach

Front 47

What is the name of the juice found in the stomach?

Back 47

gastric juices

Front 48

What is the most important liquid part of gastric juice called?

Back 48

Hydrochloric Acid (HCL)

Front 49

What is the main function of HCL?

Back 49

activate other chemicals

Front 50

What two other functions does hydrochloric acid do in the stomach?

Back 50

1. destroys unwanted microbes on food
2. dissolves food

Front 51

T of F: Heart burn is caused by stomach acid burning your heart.

Back 51

F

Front 52

After the food bolus has had gastric juice added to it and has been churned by the stomach, what does it become?

Back 52

chyme

Front 53

Through what does the chyme pass to get into the small intestine?

Back 53

Pyloric Sphincter

Front 54

Once the food enters the small intestine, what two body organs add chemicals to the chyme?

Back 54

pancreas and gallbladder

Front 55

What substance does the pancreas add that is essential to the process of digestion in the small intestine?

Back 55

base

Front 56

Where does most of the rest of digestion take place?

Back 56

small intestine

Front 57

How long is the small intestine?

Back 57

20 ft.

Front 58

Where does the chyme go after the nutrients have been absorbed?

Back 58

large intestine

Front 59

What are the jobs of the large intestine?

Back 59

absorbtion of water

Front 60

What are the three parts of the large intestine?

Back 60

1. Cecum
2. Colon
3. Rectum

Front 61

What three substances do friendly bacteria produce in the intestine while they feed in the chyme residue?

Back 61

1. Vitamin K
2. Folic acid
3. biotin

Front 62

What is the term for the waste product which is collected in the rectum and then eliminated?

Back 62

feces

Front 63

What three body organs are essential to the digestive process, but are not considered part of the digestive system?

Back 63

pancreas, liver, gallbladder

Front 64

Where is bile produced?

Back 64

the liver