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211 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the steps to the scientific method of problem solving?
1. State the Problem
2. Gather Information
3. Form a Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Collect the Data
6. Analyze the Data
7. Draw Conclusion
A logical explanation of observed events.
Scientific Theory
A theory that has been tested and widely accepted as true.
Scientific Law
A controlled experiment has:
an independent variable, a dependent variable, and a constant
Data or information based on descriptive properites
Qualitative Observation
Quantitative Observation
Data or information one can measure
What part of the experiment is used as a comparison?
Data
Data
Qualitative or quantitative observations/measurements made during the experiment
What are the measurements for length?
1 millimeter (mm)
1 centimeter (cm) = 10 mm
1 meter (m) = 100 cm
1 kilometer (km) = 1000 m
What is the measurement for area?
L x w
1 square meter (m2) = 10,000 square centimeters (cm2)
What are the measurements for volume?
1 milliliter (mL)= 1 cubic centimeter (cm3)
1 liter = 1000 mL
What are the measurements for mass?
1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 g
What is the measurement for time?
1 s = 1 second
What tools are used in measuring the quantities of distance(length), mass, volume, temperature, and time?
distance - ruler, meterstick
mass - triple beam balence
volume - beaker, 10mL graduated cylinder, 100mL graduated cylinder
temperature - thermomerter
time - stopwatch
What are the precisions and estimates for the ruler and metersick?
RULER
-Precision = tenths
-Estimate = Hundredths
METERSTICK
-Precision = tenths
-Estimate = Hundredths
What is the precision and estimate for the triple beam balence?
Precision = ones
Estimate = tenths
What are the precisions and estimates for the beaker, 10mL graduated cylinder, and 100mL graduated cylinder?
BEAKER
-Precision = thousanths
-Estimate = ten thousanths
10mL GRADUATED CYLINDER
-Precision = tenths
-Estimate = hundredths
100mL GRADUATED CYLINDER
-Precision = hundredths
-Estimate = thousandths
What is the precision and estimate for a thermometer?
-Precision = ones
-Esimate = tenths
What is the precision and estimate for a stopwatch?
-Precision =tenths of a second
-Esimate = hundredths of a second
What are the parts of a microscope? (12)
eyepiece, body tube, arm, stage, fine adjustment knob, base, high power objective, low power objective, stage clips, course adjusment knobs, diaphragm, revolving nose piece, and mirror
What part of the microscope controls the amount of light that goes through the objective lens?
diaphragm
What does the stage clip do?
holds the slide on the stage
What part of the microscope has an objective used for focusing smaller details on the microscope slide?
high power objective
What is the stage?
it is the surface on which the slide is placed
What part of the microscope extends from the eyepiece to objectives?
body tube
What is the base?
the part on which the microscope rests
What part of the microscope contains lens through which you look into?
eyepiece
What does the mirror do?
reflects light through objective lens into barrel of microscope
What part of the microscope is first objective used for focusing microscope slides?
low power objective
What is the revolving nose piece?
it is a moving circular structure containing objectives
What part of the microscope is it carried by?
the arm
Life Science
the study of living things
control
the standard to which the outcome of a test is compared
technology
the science of practical or industrial arts
used to test a hypothesis
experiment
volume
the amount of space something occupies
mass
the amount of matter that makes up an object
Scientific Method
a series of steps used to solve a problem
data
observations and measurements made during an experiment
hypothesis
a possible explanation or answer to a question
a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations that have been supported by testing
theory
theory without evidence
common theory
prediction
a guess as to the outcome of an event
control group
the group within an experiment that is maintained without change in order to provide a comparison for the part of the experiment containing the variable
experimental group
the group that might change during the experiment
What is an organized way of studying things and finding answers to questions?
science
process that uses certain skills to solve problems using a series of procedures
critical thinking
statement about how things work nature
Scientifec law
Standard system of measurements used by scientists
International System of Units(SI)
Why is important to form a hypothesis?
It is important to form a hypothesis because a hypothesis helps you to develop a focused experiment and can help you figure out what the variable and controls should be.
How are living things or organisms alike?
Living things are organized.
Living things respond.
Living things use energy.
Living things grow and develop.
Living things reproduce.
the smallest unit of an organism that carries on the functions of life
cell
What does each cell have?
Each cell has an orderly structure and contains hereditary material.
anything that causes some change in an organism
Stimulus
Response
the way an organism reacts to a stimulus, often results in movement
Homeostasis
maintaining the proper conditions inside an organism
What cause increase in the number of cells?
growth of many-celled organisms
What causes an increase in the size of the cell?
growth of one-celled organisms
changes that take place during the life of an organism
Development
What do living things need?
a place to live that provides for all of the organism's needs and raw materials, like water, proteins, fats, and sugars
What do you have in common with a flower?
Both are organized and have cells. Both respond to stimuli and maintain homeostasis. Both reproduce. Both need a place to live and raw materials like water
early theory that living things could come from nonliving things
-disproved by Louis Pasteur
Spontaneous generation
Biogenesis
theory that living things come only from other living things
Alexander I. Oparin's hypothesis on the origins of life
gases in Earth's early atmosphere combined to form more complex compounds found in living things
What were the gases in Earth's early atmosphere?
ammonia, hydrogen, methane, water vapor
What did Stanley L. Miller and Harold Urey find when they tested Oparin's hypothesis?
they found that the chemicals found in living things could be produced
Why didn't Miller and Urey's experiment prove Oparin's hypothesis?
Miller and Urey proved that it is possible to produce some chemicals found in living things using ammonia, hydrogen, methane, and water vapor. However, they could not prove that in nature the combination of gases produced life.
What did Aristotle do more than 2000 years ago?
He classifed organisms
Who introduced a system based on similar structures of organisms?
Carolus Linnaeus
What are modern systems based on?
phylogeny = the evolutionary history of an organism
What do today's classification system separate organisms into?
6 kingdoms
Kingdoms are the ______ and _______ category.
first; largest
The smallest classification category is a _______.
species
Organisms that belong to the same species can ____ and _______ _______ _________.
-mate
-produce fertile offspring
Binomial nomenclature
two-word system used by Linnaeus to name species
What does the first word in a binomial nomenclature identify?
the genus, or group of similar species
What does the second word in a binomial nomenclature tell?
It tells about the species - what it looks like, where it is found, or who discovered it.
Why use scientific names?
1. To avoid mistakes
2. To show that organisms in the same genus are related
3. To give descriptive information
4. To allow information to be organized easily
What are tools for identifying organisms?
Field guides, and Dichotomous keys
Field guide
descriptions and illistrations of organisms
detailed lists of identifying characteristics that include scientific names
Dichotomous Key
How do scientific names show you that organisms are related?
Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are classified together. Because of this, you know that organisms in the same genus are related.
outer covering called cell membrane and internal gelatinlike cytoplasm
Common cell structures
When comparing cells, what do size and shape relate to?
they relate to the function of the cell
What are the two types of cells?
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic cells lack ________-_____ internal structures.
membrane-bound
What do eukaryotic cells contain?
membrane-bound internal structures
What is a cell wall composed of?
cellulose
What does a cell wall do?
grows, gives shape to, and protects the cells
What has a cell wall?
plant, algae, fungi, and most bacteria cells
Cell membrane
protective layer around all cells
For cells with cell wall, where is the cell membrane?
inside the cell wall
What allows food and oxygen into the cell and waste products out of the cell?
the cell membrane
Cytoplasm
gelatinlike substance inside the cell membrane
Cytoskeleton
scaffolding-like structure in cytoplasm which helps cells keep their shape
What do eukaryotic cells have to help with cell life processes?
organelles
contains instructions for everything a cell does
Nucleus
What does the nucleus include?
DNA
What organelles help cells do their work?
Energy-processing organelles
What do green organelles in plant cells have to make food?
chloroplasts
Mitochondria
organelles which release energy from food
make proteins for cell activites
Ribosomes
a series of smooth or rough membrans that move around in a cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
What do some ribosomes attach to?
the rough part of the endoplasmic reticulum
move substances out of a cell or to other parts of a cell
Golgi bodies
Vacuoles
membrane-bound temporary storage spaces
Recycling organelles
lysosomes
What do lysosomes do?
lysosomes break down food molecules and cell wastes
Tissue
group of similar cells working together on one job
What is an organ made up of?
different types of tissues working together
How is an organ system formed?
a group of organs working together on a particular function
What are some functions of cell parts?
Processing energy
Protection
Providing shape
Making, transporting, or storing substances
lenses made images larger, but not always clear
Early Microscopes
Modern microscopes use lenses to bend ______.
light
What kind of microscope has one lens?
simple microscope
How many sets of lenses does a compound microscope have?
two
Which microscope has two eyepieces and creates a three-dimensional image?
stereomicroscope
Powers of the ________ multiplied by ________ _____ determine total magnification.
eyepiece; objective lense
Electron microscopes
more powerful than other microscope
What microscope uses a magnetic field in a vacuum to bend electronic beams?
electron microscopes
Images from the electron microscope must be _________ or ________ __________.
photographed; produced electronically
What did the cell theory result from?
The cell theory resulted from many scientists' observations and conclusions.
What is the basic unit of organization?
cell
All organisms are composed of one or more ____.
cells
How do new come from old cells?
through cell division
What are some differences between electron microscopes and other microscopes?
magnification, lenses or magnetic fields, viewing of the image
a nonliving strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating
virus
viruses can make copies of themselves only inside a living host cell
Virus multiplication
What do active viruses do?
make the host cell produce new viruses, which kills the host cell
What do latent viruses do?
hide in the host cell without destroying it
In a latent virus, _______ material becomes part of the host cell's ________ material.
hereditary; hereditary
Latent viruses can become _______ and ________ the host cells.
active; destroy
Do most viruses infect only specific kinds of cells?
Yes
What are viruses often carried to the host cell through?
the air
What begins to make a viral infectiion?
The virus and the host cell must fit together exactly to begin a viral infection.
Bacteriophages attach to ________ and inject their hereditary material.
bacteria
weakened virus particles which allow the host to fight some diseases
Vaccines
Are antibiotics effective treatments for viral infections?
no
What do infected cells sometimes produce?
inferferons
proteins that can protect noninfected cells
interferons
Antiviral drugs often have ________ side effects, ______ their use
adverse; limiting
Public health measures ______ or _____ disease spread.
prevent; slow
Research with viruses
gene therapy
uses viruses to replace defective cell hereditary material with normal cell hereditary material
gene therapy
How are viral diseases prevented and treated?
Vaccines, antiviral drugss, public health practices,interferon production
What is everything around you made of?
matter and energy
Matter
anything that has mass and takes up space
Energy can ____ matter together or _____ it apart.
hold; break
What is matter made of?
atoms
What does a nucleus contain?
protons and nutrons
What is outside the nucleus?
electrons
What are electrons involved in?
chemical reactions
What are elements made up of?
only one kind of atom
Can elements be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical reactions?
No
What is the chart called that elements are arranged in?
periodic table of elements
What kind of compounds are there?
molecular and ionic
What are compounds made of?
two or more elements in exact proportions
Compounds have different ________ from the elements they are made of.
properties
What is the smallest part of a molecular compound?
molecule
Molecule
a group of atoms held together by the energy of chemical bonds
When do compounds form?
when atoms share electrons
electrically charged atoms, positively or negatively
Ions
What kind of ion charges attract one another to form electrically neutral compounds?
opposite charges
Mixture
combination of substances in which individual substances keep their own properties
Solution
mixture in which two or more substances are mixed evenly
Suspension
forms when a liquid or gas has another substance evenly spread throughout it
Organic compounds
contain carbon and hydrogen and are usually associated with living things or things that once were alive
What are the four groups of organic compounds that make up all living things?
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
supply energy for cell processes
store and release large amounts of energy
Lipids
Proteins
the building blocks of many structures
smaller molecules that make up proteins
Amino Acids
proteins that regulate nearly all chemical reactions in cells
Enzymes
store important coded information in cells
Nucleic acids
usually made from elements other than carbon
Inorganic Compounds
Living things are composed of more than __ percent of water and depend on it to _______.
50; survive
Do all chemical reactions in living things take place in water solutions?
Yes
Most living things use _____ to transport materials through their bodies.
water
What are you made of?
Organic compounds, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Also inorganic compounds, like water. On a smaller level, these compounds are made up of elements, which are made up of atoms.
What do cells have that regulates what goes into or out of the cell?
selectively permeable membrane
Passive transport
the movement of substances through a cell membrane without the input of energy
Diffusion
when molecules move away from areas where there are more of them into areas where there are fewer of them
When does diffusion stop?
when equalibrium occurs
When molecules of one substance are spread evenly thoughout another substance, what occurs?
equilibrium
Osmosis
the diffusion of water through a cell membrane
What happens during facilitated diffusion?
transport proteins move substances through a cell membrane
Endocytosis
the process in which a substance is taken into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane, forming a sphere called a vesicle
Exocytosis
the process in which the membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell's membrane and the vesicle's contents are released outside the cell
What are the ways that a successor-in-interest to the servient estate may be put on notice of the easement? (3)
[1] Actual Knowledge or Notice;

[2] Constructive Notice – arises from the fact that the document creating the easement is duly recorded in the buyer’s direct chain of title;

[3] Inquiry Notice – arises from the buyer’s physical inspection of the land and the visible appearance of the easement on the land – OR – the notice that arises from the buyer’s inspection of the public records contained in the buyer’s direct chain of title
Cells use ________ reactions to change the chemical ______ stored in food into forms needed to perform activities.
chemical;energy
the total of all chemical reactions in an organism
Metabolism
What do the chemical reactions of metabolism require?
enzymes
Photosynthesis
the process that plants and other organisms use to convert light energy into chemical energy or sugars to be used as food
Producers
organisms that make their own food
Consumers
organisms that can't make their own food
___________ and other pigments are used in photosynthesis to capture light energy which is used to produce _____ and ______.
Chlorophyll;sugar;oxygen
the process in which chemical reactions break down food molecules into simpler subsances and release stored energy
Respiration
Where does respiration of carbohydrates begin?
in the cytoplasm
What are carbohydrates are broken down into?
glucose molecules
When each glucose molecule is broken down into simpler molecules, what does it release?
energy
Where does respiration move into?
the mitochondria
After each glucose molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules and those two molecules are broken down again what happens?
much more energy is released
What does the process of respiration use as wastes?
CO2 and water
What does the process of respiration use?
oxygen
cells that do not have enough oxygen for respiration use this process to release some of the stored energy in glucose molecules
fermentation
Where does the entire process of fermentation occur?
in the cytoplasm
What does the process fermentation produce as wastes?
lactic acid, alcohol, and carbon dioxide
Are photosynthesis and respiration almost the same or opposite of each other?
opposite
What does photosynthesis produce that are used in respiration?
sugars and oxygen
What does respiration produce that are used in photosynthesis?
carbon dioxide
You are about to go for a run. What does your body need to make the energy you will use?
Water to transport nutrients to cells, carbohydrates or lipids as a source of chemical energy, enzymes to assist the chemical reactions, and oxygen to fuel respiration