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211 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the steps to the scientific method of problem solving?
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1. State the Problem
2. Gather Information 3. Form a Hypothesis 4. Test the Hypothesis 5. Collect the Data 6. Analyze the Data 7. Draw Conclusion |
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A logical explanation of observed events.
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Scientific Theory
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A theory that has been tested and widely accepted as true.
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Scientific Law
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A controlled experiment has:
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an independent variable, a dependent variable, and a constant
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Data or information based on descriptive properites
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Qualitative Observation
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Quantitative Observation
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Data or information one can measure
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What part of the experiment is used as a comparison?
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Data
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Data
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Qualitative or quantitative observations/measurements made during the experiment
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What are the measurements for length?
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1 millimeter (mm)
1 centimeter (cm) = 10 mm 1 meter (m) = 100 cm 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 m |
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What is the measurement for area?
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L x w
1 square meter (m2) = 10,000 square centimeters (cm2) |
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What are the measurements for volume?
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1 milliliter (mL)= 1 cubic centimeter (cm3)
1 liter = 1000 mL |
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What are the measurements for mass?
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1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 g |
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What is the measurement for time?
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1 s = 1 second
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What tools are used in measuring the quantities of distance(length), mass, volume, temperature, and time?
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distance - ruler, meterstick
mass - triple beam balence volume - beaker, 10mL graduated cylinder, 100mL graduated cylinder temperature - thermomerter time - stopwatch |
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What are the precisions and estimates for the ruler and metersick?
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RULER
-Precision = tenths -Estimate = Hundredths METERSTICK -Precision = tenths -Estimate = Hundredths |
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What is the precision and estimate for the triple beam balence?
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Precision = ones
Estimate = tenths |
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What are the precisions and estimates for the beaker, 10mL graduated cylinder, and 100mL graduated cylinder?
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BEAKER
-Precision = thousanths -Estimate = ten thousanths 10mL GRADUATED CYLINDER -Precision = tenths -Estimate = hundredths 100mL GRADUATED CYLINDER -Precision = hundredths -Estimate = thousandths |
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What is the precision and estimate for a thermometer?
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-Precision = ones
-Esimate = tenths |
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What is the precision and estimate for a stopwatch?
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-Precision =tenths of a second
-Esimate = hundredths of a second |
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What are the parts of a microscope? (12)
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eyepiece, body tube, arm, stage, fine adjustment knob, base, high power objective, low power objective, stage clips, course adjusment knobs, diaphragm, revolving nose piece, and mirror
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What part of the microscope controls the amount of light that goes through the objective lens?
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diaphragm
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What does the stage clip do?
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holds the slide on the stage
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What part of the microscope has an objective used for focusing smaller details on the microscope slide?
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high power objective
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What is the stage?
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it is the surface on which the slide is placed
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What part of the microscope extends from the eyepiece to objectives?
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body tube
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What is the base?
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the part on which the microscope rests
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What part of the microscope contains lens through which you look into?
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eyepiece
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What does the mirror do?
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reflects light through objective lens into barrel of microscope
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What part of the microscope is first objective used for focusing microscope slides?
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low power objective
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What is the revolving nose piece?
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it is a moving circular structure containing objectives
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What part of the microscope is it carried by?
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the arm
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Life Science
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the study of living things
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control
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the standard to which the outcome of a test is compared
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technology
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the science of practical or industrial arts
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used to test a hypothesis
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experiment
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volume
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the amount of space something occupies
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mass
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the amount of matter that makes up an object
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Scientific Method
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a series of steps used to solve a problem
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data
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observations and measurements made during an experiment
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hypothesis
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a possible explanation or answer to a question
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a unifying explanation for a broad range of observations that have been supported by testing
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theory
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theory without evidence
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common theory
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prediction
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a guess as to the outcome of an event
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control group
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the group within an experiment that is maintained without change in order to provide a comparison for the part of the experiment containing the variable
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experimental group
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the group that might change during the experiment
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What is an organized way of studying things and finding answers to questions?
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science
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process that uses certain skills to solve problems using a series of procedures
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critical thinking
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statement about how things work nature
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Scientifec law
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Standard system of measurements used by scientists
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International System of Units(SI)
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Why is important to form a hypothesis?
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It is important to form a hypothesis because a hypothesis helps you to develop a focused experiment and can help you figure out what the variable and controls should be.
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How are living things or organisms alike?
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Living things are organized.
Living things respond. Living things use energy. Living things grow and develop. Living things reproduce. |
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the smallest unit of an organism that carries on the functions of life
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cell
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What does each cell have?
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Each cell has an orderly structure and contains hereditary material.
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anything that causes some change in an organism
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Stimulus
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Response
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the way an organism reacts to a stimulus, often results in movement
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Homeostasis
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maintaining the proper conditions inside an organism
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What cause increase in the number of cells?
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growth of many-celled organisms
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What causes an increase in the size of the cell?
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growth of one-celled organisms
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changes that take place during the life of an organism
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Development
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What do living things need?
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a place to live that provides for all of the organism's needs and raw materials, like water, proteins, fats, and sugars
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What do you have in common with a flower?
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Both are organized and have cells. Both respond to stimuli and maintain homeostasis. Both reproduce. Both need a place to live and raw materials like water
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early theory that living things could come from nonliving things
-disproved by Louis Pasteur |
Spontaneous generation
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Biogenesis
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theory that living things come only from other living things
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Alexander I. Oparin's hypothesis on the origins of life
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gases in Earth's early atmosphere combined to form more complex compounds found in living things
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What were the gases in Earth's early atmosphere?
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ammonia, hydrogen, methane, water vapor
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What did Stanley L. Miller and Harold Urey find when they tested Oparin's hypothesis?
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they found that the chemicals found in living things could be produced
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Why didn't Miller and Urey's experiment prove Oparin's hypothesis?
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Miller and Urey proved that it is possible to produce some chemicals found in living things using ammonia, hydrogen, methane, and water vapor. However, they could not prove that in nature the combination of gases produced life.
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What did Aristotle do more than 2000 years ago?
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He classifed organisms
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Who introduced a system based on similar structures of organisms?
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Carolus Linnaeus
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What are modern systems based on?
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phylogeny = the evolutionary history of an organism
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What do today's classification system separate organisms into?
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6 kingdoms
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Kingdoms are the ______ and _______ category.
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first; largest
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The smallest classification category is a _______.
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species
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Organisms that belong to the same species can ____ and _______ _______ _________.
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-mate
-produce fertile offspring |
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Binomial nomenclature
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two-word system used by Linnaeus to name species
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What does the first word in a binomial nomenclature identify?
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the genus, or group of similar species
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What does the second word in a binomial nomenclature tell?
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It tells about the species - what it looks like, where it is found, or who discovered it.
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Why use scientific names?
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1. To avoid mistakes
2. To show that organisms in the same genus are related 3. To give descriptive information 4. To allow information to be organized easily |
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What are tools for identifying organisms?
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Field guides, and Dichotomous keys
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Field guide
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descriptions and illistrations of organisms
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detailed lists of identifying characteristics that include scientific names
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Dichotomous Key
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How do scientific names show you that organisms are related?
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Organisms with similar evolutionary histories are classified together. Because of this, you know that organisms in the same genus are related.
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outer covering called cell membrane and internal gelatinlike cytoplasm
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Common cell structures
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When comparing cells, what do size and shape relate to?
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they relate to the function of the cell
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What are the two types of cells?
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Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic cells lack ________-_____ internal structures.
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membrane-bound
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What do eukaryotic cells contain?
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membrane-bound internal structures
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What is a cell wall composed of?
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cellulose
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What does a cell wall do?
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grows, gives shape to, and protects the cells
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What has a cell wall?
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plant, algae, fungi, and most bacteria cells
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Cell membrane
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protective layer around all cells
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For cells with cell wall, where is the cell membrane?
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inside the cell wall
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What allows food and oxygen into the cell and waste products out of the cell?
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the cell membrane
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Cytoplasm
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gelatinlike substance inside the cell membrane
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Cytoskeleton
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scaffolding-like structure in cytoplasm which helps cells keep their shape
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What do eukaryotic cells have to help with cell life processes?
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organelles
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contains instructions for everything a cell does
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Nucleus
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What does the nucleus include?
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DNA
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What organelles help cells do their work?
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Energy-processing organelles
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What do green organelles in plant cells have to make food?
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chloroplasts
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Mitochondria
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organelles which release energy from food
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make proteins for cell activites
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Ribosomes
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a series of smooth or rough membrans that move around in a cell
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
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What do some ribosomes attach to?
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the rough part of the endoplasmic reticulum
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move substances out of a cell or to other parts of a cell
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Golgi bodies
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Vacuoles
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membrane-bound temporary storage spaces
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Recycling organelles
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lysosomes
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What do lysosomes do?
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lysosomes break down food molecules and cell wastes
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Tissue
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group of similar cells working together on one job
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What is an organ made up of?
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different types of tissues working together
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How is an organ system formed?
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a group of organs working together on a particular function
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What are some functions of cell parts?
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Processing energy
Protection Providing shape Making, transporting, or storing substances |
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lenses made images larger, but not always clear
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Early Microscopes
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Modern microscopes use lenses to bend ______.
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light
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What kind of microscope has one lens?
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simple microscope
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How many sets of lenses does a compound microscope have?
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two
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Which microscope has two eyepieces and creates a three-dimensional image?
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stereomicroscope
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Powers of the ________ multiplied by ________ _____ determine total magnification.
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eyepiece; objective lense
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Electron microscopes
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more powerful than other microscope
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What microscope uses a magnetic field in a vacuum to bend electronic beams?
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electron microscopes
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Images from the electron microscope must be _________ or ________ __________.
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photographed; produced electronically
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What did the cell theory result from?
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The cell theory resulted from many scientists' observations and conclusions.
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What is the basic unit of organization?
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cell
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All organisms are composed of one or more ____.
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cells
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How do new come from old cells?
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through cell division
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What are some differences between electron microscopes and other microscopes?
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magnification, lenses or magnetic fields, viewing of the image
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a nonliving strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating
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virus
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viruses can make copies of themselves only inside a living host cell
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Virus multiplication
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What do active viruses do?
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make the host cell produce new viruses, which kills the host cell
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What do latent viruses do?
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hide in the host cell without destroying it
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In a latent virus, _______ material becomes part of the host cell's ________ material.
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hereditary; hereditary
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Latent viruses can become _______ and ________ the host cells.
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active; destroy
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Do most viruses infect only specific kinds of cells?
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Yes
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What are viruses often carried to the host cell through?
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the air
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What begins to make a viral infectiion?
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The virus and the host cell must fit together exactly to begin a viral infection.
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Bacteriophages attach to ________ and inject their hereditary material.
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bacteria
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weakened virus particles which allow the host to fight some diseases
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Vaccines
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Are antibiotics effective treatments for viral infections?
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no
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What do infected cells sometimes produce?
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inferferons
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proteins that can protect noninfected cells
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interferons
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Antiviral drugs often have ________ side effects, ______ their use
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adverse; limiting
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Public health measures ______ or _____ disease spread.
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prevent; slow
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Research with viruses
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gene therapy
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uses viruses to replace defective cell hereditary material with normal cell hereditary material
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gene therapy
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How are viral diseases prevented and treated?
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Vaccines, antiviral drugss, public health practices,interferon production
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What is everything around you made of?
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matter and energy
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Matter
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anything that has mass and takes up space
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Energy can ____ matter together or _____ it apart.
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hold; break
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What is matter made of?
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atoms
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What does a nucleus contain?
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protons and nutrons
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What is outside the nucleus?
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electrons
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What are electrons involved in?
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chemical reactions
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What are elements made up of?
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only one kind of atom
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Can elements be broken down into a simpler form by ordinary chemical reactions?
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No
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What is the chart called that elements are arranged in?
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periodic table of elements
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What kind of compounds are there?
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molecular and ionic
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What are compounds made of?
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two or more elements in exact proportions
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Compounds have different ________ from the elements they are made of.
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properties
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What is the smallest part of a molecular compound?
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molecule
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Molecule
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a group of atoms held together by the energy of chemical bonds
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When do compounds form?
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when atoms share electrons
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electrically charged atoms, positively or negatively
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Ions
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What kind of ion charges attract one another to form electrically neutral compounds?
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opposite charges
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Mixture
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combination of substances in which individual substances keep their own properties
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Solution
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mixture in which two or more substances are mixed evenly
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Suspension
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forms when a liquid or gas has another substance evenly spread throughout it
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Organic compounds
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contain carbon and hydrogen and are usually associated with living things or things that once were alive
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What are the four groups of organic compounds that make up all living things?
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carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates
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supply energy for cell processes
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store and release large amounts of energy
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Lipids
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Proteins
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the building blocks of many structures
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smaller molecules that make up proteins
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Amino Acids
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proteins that regulate nearly all chemical reactions in cells
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Enzymes
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store important coded information in cells
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Nucleic acids
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usually made from elements other than carbon
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Inorganic Compounds
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Living things are composed of more than __ percent of water and depend on it to _______.
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50; survive
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Do all chemical reactions in living things take place in water solutions?
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Yes
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Most living things use _____ to transport materials through their bodies.
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water
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What are you made of?
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Organic compounds, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. Also inorganic compounds, like water. On a smaller level, these compounds are made up of elements, which are made up of atoms.
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What do cells have that regulates what goes into or out of the cell?
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selectively permeable membrane
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Passive transport
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the movement of substances through a cell membrane without the input of energy
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Diffusion
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when molecules move away from areas where there are more of them into areas where there are fewer of them
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When does diffusion stop?
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when equalibrium occurs
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When molecules of one substance are spread evenly thoughout another substance, what occurs?
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equilibrium
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Osmosis
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the diffusion of water through a cell membrane
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What happens during facilitated diffusion?
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transport proteins move substances through a cell membrane
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Endocytosis
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the process in which a substance is taken into a cell by surrounding it with the cell membrane, forming a sphere called a vesicle
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Exocytosis
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the process in which the membrane of the vesicle fuses with the cell's membrane and the vesicle's contents are released outside the cell
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What are the ways that a successor-in-interest to the servient estate may be put on notice of the easement? (3)
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[1] Actual Knowledge or Notice;
[2] Constructive Notice – arises from the fact that the document creating the easement is duly recorded in the buyer’s direct chain of title; [3] Inquiry Notice – arises from the buyer’s physical inspection of the land and the visible appearance of the easement on the land – OR – the notice that arises from the buyer’s inspection of the public records contained in the buyer’s direct chain of title |
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Cells use ________ reactions to change the chemical ______ stored in food into forms needed to perform activities.
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chemical;energy
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the total of all chemical reactions in an organism
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Metabolism
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What do the chemical reactions of metabolism require?
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enzymes
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Photosynthesis
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the process that plants and other organisms use to convert light energy into chemical energy or sugars to be used as food
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Producers
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organisms that make their own food
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Consumers
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organisms that can't make their own food
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___________ and other pigments are used in photosynthesis to capture light energy which is used to produce _____ and ______.
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Chlorophyll;sugar;oxygen
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the process in which chemical reactions break down food molecules into simpler subsances and release stored energy
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Respiration
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Where does respiration of carbohydrates begin?
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in the cytoplasm
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What are carbohydrates are broken down into?
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glucose molecules
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When each glucose molecule is broken down into simpler molecules, what does it release?
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energy
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Where does respiration move into?
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the mitochondria
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After each glucose molecule is broken down into two smaller molecules and those two molecules are broken down again what happens?
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much more energy is released
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What does the process of respiration use as wastes?
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CO2 and water
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What does the process of respiration use?
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oxygen
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cells that do not have enough oxygen for respiration use this process to release some of the stored energy in glucose molecules
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fermentation
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Where does the entire process of fermentation occur?
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in the cytoplasm
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What does the process fermentation produce as wastes?
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lactic acid, alcohol, and carbon dioxide
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Are photosynthesis and respiration almost the same or opposite of each other?
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opposite
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What does photosynthesis produce that are used in respiration?
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sugars and oxygen
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What does respiration produce that are used in photosynthesis?
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carbon dioxide
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You are about to go for a run. What does your body need to make the energy you will use?
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Water to transport nutrients to cells, carbohydrates or lipids as a source of chemical energy, enzymes to assist the chemical reactions, and oxygen to fuel respiration
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