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74 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Four nitrogenous bases |
Adenine guanine cytosine thymine |
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Complementary base pairing rule |
A purine always pairs with a pyrimidine ( A-T) ( C-G) adenine- thyme cytosine-guanine |
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Meiosis |
Referred to as ‘reduction division’ form of cell division into four ‘daughter cells’ each having half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. Occurs in gametes and produces sex cells |
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Mitosis |
Cell decision in which a single cell divides to produce two identical ‘daughter cells’ Body produces new cells for growth and repair |
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Haploid chromosomes |
23 chromosomes |
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Haploid chromosomes |
23chromosomes |
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# Diploid chromosomes |
23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromomes |
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Somatic cell chromosomes |
46 chromosomes |
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How many chromosomes in a sex cell |
23 |
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Sex chromosomes of a male |
X Y |
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Sex chromosomes of a male |
X Y |
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Sex chromosomes of a female |
X X |
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Sex chromosomes of a male |
X Y |
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Sex chromosomes of a female |
X X |
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Homologous pair of chromosomes |
A set of one paternal and one maternal chromosomes paired up inside a cell during fertilisation |
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Sex chromosomes of a male |
X Y |
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Sex chromosomes of a female |
X X |
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Homologous pair of chromosomes |
A set of one paternal and one maternal chromosomes paired up inside a cell during fertilisation |
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Karyotyping |
Sorting chromosomes into their matched pairs |
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Genotype |
is an organism’s set of heritable genes that can be passed down from parents to offspring. |
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Phenotype |
the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with the environment |
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Homozygous |
having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes |
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Homozygous |
having two identical alleles of a particular gene or genes |
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Heterozygous |
refers to having inherited different forms of a particular gene from each parent |
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Allele |
each of two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome |
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Punnet square |
square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment |
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Punnet square |
square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment |
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Three types of gene blending |
Complete dominance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance |
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Punnet square |
square diagram that is used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment |
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Three types of gene blending |
Complete dominance, incomplete dominance, co-dominance |
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Completely Dominance |
Complete dominance is a form of dominance in heterozygous condition wherein the allele that is regarded as dominant completely masks the effect of the allele that is recessive. |
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Incomplete dominance |
Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele. This results in a third phenotype in which the expressed physical trait is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles |
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Co-dominance |
is a form of inheritance wherein the alleles of a gene pair in a heterozygote are fully expressed. As a result, the phenotype of the offspring is a combination of the phenotype of the parents. Thus, the trait is neither dominant nor recessive. |
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Motion of stars |
Stars appear to move across the night sky as earth is rotating on an axis whilst orbiting around the sun |
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Fusions within our sun |
Hydrogen neuclei into helium The sun fuses 500 million tons of hydrogen each second |
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Fusions within our sun |
Hydrogen neuclei into helium The sun fuses 500 million tons of hydrogen each second |
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Apparent vs absolute magnitude |
Apparent= brightness of a star as seen from earth Absolute= actual brightness of a star |
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Nuclear fusion |
The joining together of the nuclei of lighter elements to form another element, within the release of energy |
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Nuclear fusion |
The joining together of the nuclei of lighter elements to form another element, within the release of energy |
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Galaxies |
Very large groups of stars and dust held together by gravity |
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Big Bang theory Vs Steady state theory |
The Big Bang theory states that there was only energy and no matter before the universe was created and it was created by a singularity ( single point ) whilst the steady state theory stated that there was no beginning to the universe and that it doesn’t change in appearance |
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Big Bang theory Vs Steady state theory |
The Big Bang theory states that there was only energy and no matter before the universe was created and it was created by a singularity ( single point ) whilst the steady state theory stated that there was no beginning to the universe and that it doesn’t change in appearance |
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Nebula/ nebulae |
Clouds of dust and gas that may be pulled together by gravity and heat up to form a star ‘ star nurseries’ |
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Big Bang theory Vs Steady state theory |
The Big Bang theory states that there was only energy and no matter before the universe was created and it was created by a singularity ( single point ) whilst the steady state theory stated that there was no beginning to the universe and that it doesn’t change in appearance |
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Nebula/ nebulae |
Clouds of dust and gas that may be pulled together by gravity and heat up to form a star ‘ star nurseries’ |
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Light year |
A light year is a unit of measurement used to express astronomical distances 9 trillion kms Light year = speed of light x secs in a year Light speed = 300,000,000m/s |
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Red shift |
When the colours on the spectrum move down towards red as it moves away from the observer/ earth |
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Red shift |
When the colours on the spectrum move down towards red as it moves away from the observer/ earth |
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Hubble’s law |
The further away a galaxy is the greater its red shift and so the faster it is moving away from us. The universe is always expanding |
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Natural selection |
Process by which a species gives rise to new species that has characteristics that make them better adapted for survival in a particular environment this is also called ‘ survival of the fittest’ |
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Mutation |
Changes to DNA sequence, at at the gene or chromosomal level |
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Mutation |
Changes to DNA sequence, at at the gene or chromosomal level |
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Selective agent |
The different living (biotic) and (abiotic) agents that influence the survival of organisms |
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Genetic isolation |
The population of organisms that has little genetic mixing with other organisms within the same species |
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Adaption |
Variations that increase chances of survival |
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Adaption |
Variations that increase chances of survival |
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Evolution |
Change in characteristics of a species over several generations |
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Adaption |
Variations that increase chances of survival |
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Evolution |
Change in characteristics of a species over several generations |
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Artificial selection |
Selective breeding, breeding for a particular trait or quality |
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Variation |
Different forms of something |
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Variation |
Different forms of something |
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3 ways fossils support the theory of evolution |
Show similarities between ancient and modern day organisms They can show changes over time |
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Homologous structures |
structures that are similar across different species, organisms with homologous structures evolved from a common ancestor |
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Red giant |
is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass in a late phase of stellar evolution |
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Red giant |
is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass in a late phase of stellar evolution |
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Red super giant |
are stars with a supergiant luminosity class of spectral type K or M. They are the largest stars in the universe in terms of volume |
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Planetary nebula |
, abbreviated as PN or plural PNe, is a type of emission nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from red giant stars late in their lives |
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Planetary nebula |
, abbreviated as PN or plural PNe, is a type of emission nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from red giant stars late in their lives |
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White dwarf |
also called a degenerate dwarf, is a stellar core remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter |
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Planetary nebula |
, abbreviated as PN or plural PNe, is a type of emission nebula consisting of an expanding, glowing shell of ionized gas ejected from red giant stars late in their lives |
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White dwarf |
also called a degenerate dwarf, is a stellar core remnant composed mostly of electron-degenerate matter |
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Black dwarf |
is a theoretical stellar remnant, specifically a white dwarf that has cooled sufficiently that it no longer emits significant heat or light. |
