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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How is blood oxygenated?
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- ventilation, perfusion, and transport of respiratory gases
- neural and chemical regulators control the rate and depth of respiration |
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Ventilation
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the process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
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Inspiration/expiration
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an active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta and a passive process for expiration
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Pulmonary circulation
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moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange
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Diffusion
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exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries
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Oxygen transport
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lungs and cardiovascular system
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Carbon dioxide transport
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diffuses into the RBC and is hydrated into carbonic acid
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What are the factors affecting oxygenation?
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Physiological factors- decreased oxygen carrying capacity, decreased inspired oxygen, hypovalemia, increased metabolic rate
Conditions affecting chest movement- pregnancy, obesity, musculoskeletal abnormalities, trauma, neuromuscular disease, CNS alterations, choking |
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The airway
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nasal passages, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
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What does the airway do?
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- Moistens the air
- Warms the air - Filters the air through cilia - The upper airway the trachea just infront the esophagus - the epiglottis is a small flap of tissue above the larynx that ensures food does not enter the lower airway - the lower airway-- trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles is sterile- the walls of bronchi and bronchioles contains smooth muscles |
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Inhalation
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Expansion of chest cavity and lungs, which created negative pressure inside the lungs-- air is drawn in
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Exhalation
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the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, allowing the chest and lungs to return to their normal resting size
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What factors affect ventilation?
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- respiratory rate and depth
- hyperventilation- a person breathes fast and deeply-- can occur in response to hypoxemia - hypoventilation- decreased, shallow breathing-- concerned that it will lead to hypoxia - lung compliance - lung elasticity - airway resistance |
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Where does respiration occur?
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- the alveolar capillary membrane in the lungs (external)
- the capillary cellular membrane in body tissues (internal) |
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What might slow diffusion
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- pleural effusion- fluid in the lungs
- pneumothorax- lungs collapse - asthma- broncospasms? |
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How does developmental stage affect pulmonary function?
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- infants- less mature lungs and respiratory tract
- toddlers- at risk for URI - Preschool- and adolescents - older adults may have reduced lung expansion and less alveolar inflation |
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What is an allergy
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hypersensitiyvity to an antigen
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Hypoxemia
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- low arterial blood oxygen levels
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