Science Notecards

Front 1

What are the characteristics of seed plants?

Back 1

seed plants share two important characteristics; they have vascular tissue and they use pollen and seeds to reproduce

Front 2

phloem

Back 2

the vascular tissue through which food moves in some plants

Front 3

xylem

Back 3

the vascular tissue through which water and nutrients move in some plants

Front 4

pollen

Back 4

tiny particles(male gametophytes)produced by seed plants that contain the vells that later become sperm cells

Front 5

seed

Back 5

the plant structure that contains a youn plant inside a protective covering

Front 6

How do seeds become new plants?

Back 6

inside a seed is a partially developed plant; if a seed lands in an area where conditions are favorable, the plant sprouts out of the seed and begins to grow

Front 7

embryo

Back 7

the young organism that develops from a zygote

Front 8

cotyledons

Back 8

a seed leaf; sometimes stores food

Front 9

germinarion

Back 9

the sprouting of the embryo out of a seed; occurs when the embryo resumes its growth

Front 10

What are roots?

Back 10

roots anchor a plant in the ground, absorb water and minerals from the soil, and sometimes store food

Front 11

root cap

Back 11

a structure that covers the tip of a root, protecting the root from injury

Front 12

What are stems?

Back 12

the stem carries substances between the plant's roots and leaves; the stem also provides support for the plant and holds up the leaves so they are exposed to the sun

Front 13

cambium

Back 13

a layer of cells in a plant that produces new phlooem and xylem cells

Front 14

What are leaves?

Back 14

leaves capture the sun's energy and carry out the food-making process of photosynthesis

Front 15

stomata

Back 15

the small openings on the surfaces of most leaves through which gases can move

Front 16

transpiration

Back 16

the process by which water is lost through a plant's leaves

Front 17

gymnosperm

Back 17

a plant that produces seeds that are not enclosed by a protective fruit

Front 18

What are gymnosperms?

Back 18

every gymnosperm produces naked seeds; in addition, many gymnosperms have needle-like or scale like leaves, and deep-growing root systems

Front 19

ovule

Back 19

a plant structure in seed plants that produces the female gametophyte; contains an egg cell

Front 20

What are the steps for reproduction in gymnosperms?

Back 20

first, pollen falls from a male cone onto a female cone; in time, a perm cell and an egg cell join together in an ovule on the female cone

Front 21

pollination

Back 21

the transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to femal reproducive structures in plants

Front 22

How do we use gymnosperms in everyday life?

Back 22

paper and other products, such as the lumber used to build homes, come from conifers

Front 23

angiosperms

Back 23

a flowering plant that produces seeds enclosed in a protective structure

Front 24

What are the two characteristics that angiosperms have?

Back 24

all angiosperms, or flowering plants, share two important characteristics; first, they produce flower; second, in contrast to gymnosperms, which produce uncovered seeds, angiosperms produce seeds that are enclosed in fruits

Front 25

What is the structure of flowers?

Back 25

flowers come in all sorts of shapes, sizes, and colors; but, despite their differences, all flowers have the same function- reproduction

Front 26

flower

Back 26

the reproductive structure of an angiosperm

Front 27

sepals

Back 27

a leaflike structure that encloses the but of a flower

Front 28

petals

Back 28

a colorful, leaflike structure of some flowers

Front 29

stamens

Back 29

the male reproductive part of a flower

Front 30

pistils

Back 30

the female reproductive part of a flower

Front 31

ovary

Back 31

a flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop

Front 32

What are the steps to the reproduction of an angiosperm?

Back 32

first, pollen falls on a flower's stigma; in time, the sperm cell and egg cell join together in the flower's ovule; the zygote developes into the embryo part of the seed

Front 33

fruit

Back 33

the ripened ovary and other structures of an angiosperm that enclose one or more seeds

Front 34

What are the types of angiosperms?

Back 34

angiosperms are divided into two major groups: monocots and dicots

Front 35

monocots

Back 35

an angiosperm that has only on seed leaf

Front 36

dicots

Back 36

an angiosperm that has two seed leaves

Front 37

tropism

Back 37

the growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus

Front 38

What are examples of tropisms?

Back 38

touch, light, and gravity are three important stimuli to which plants show growth responses, or tropisms

Front 39

hormone

Back 39

a chemical that affects growth and developement

Front 40

auxin

Back 40

a plant hormone that speeds up the rate of growth of plant cells

Front 41

What encironmental factor triggers a plant to flower?

Back 41

the amount of darkness a plant receives determines the time of flowering in many plants

Front 42

photoperiodism

Back 42

a plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day

Front 43

short-day plants

Back 43

a plant that flowers when the nights are longer than the plant's critical night length

Front 44

long-day plants

Back 44

a plant that flowers when the nights are shorter than the plant's critical night length

Front 45

critical night length

Back 45

the number of hours of darkness that determines whether or not a plant will flower

Front 46

perennials

Back 46

a flowering plant that lives for more than two years

Front 47

day-neutral plants

Back 47

a plant with a flowering cycle that is not sensitive to periods of light and dark

Front 48

dormancy

Back 48

a period when an organism's growth or activity stops

Front 49

precision farming

Back 49

a farming method in which farmersz use echnolog to fine-tune the amount of wtaer and fertilizer they use to march the requirements of a specific field

Front 50

What does dormancy do?

Back 50

dormancy helps plants survive freexing temperatures and the lack of liquid water

Front 51

What are the life span of angiosperm?

Back 51

angiosperms are classified as annuals, biennials, or perennials based on the length of their life cycles

Front 52

hydroponics

Back 52

a farming method in which plants are grown in solutions of nutrients instead of soil

Front 53

biennials

Back 53

a flowering plant that completes its life cycle in two years

Front 54

genetic engineering

Back 54

the process of altering an organism's genetic material to produce an organism with qualities that people find useful

Front 55

What are scientists using genetic engineering for?

Back 55

scientists are using genetic engineering to produce plants that can grow in a wider range of climates; they are also engineering plants to be more resistant to damage from insects

Front 56

How does precision farming benefit?

Back 56

precision can benefit farmers by saving time and money; it also increases crop yields by helping farmers maintain ideal conditions in all fields

Front 57

What does hydroponics allow people to do?

Back 57

hydroponics allows people to grow crops in areas with poor soil to help feed a growing population

Front 58

cone

Back 58

the reproductive structure of a gymnosperm