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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is matter?
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physical material of the universe, it has mass and takes up space
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What is an atom?
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protons, neutrons, and electrons
-building block of all matter |
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What is an element?
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what matter is made of, there are about 100 of them
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Who is John Dalton?
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He furthered the atomic theory-
thought that matter is made of atoms, all atoms of a given element are identical, and atoms in an element are not changed into different types of atoms by chemical reaction |
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Who is Democritus?
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theorized that atoms made up matter and were the smallest particle and that atoms are not broken into smaller pieces.
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What is the atomic theory?
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-atoms are the building block of matter
-atoms are the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical identity of the element -law of conservation of matter/mass-matter (atoms) can't be created or destroyed. |
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What are protons?
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-positively charged
-the protons are found in the nucleus |
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What are neutrons?
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-present in the nucleus
-no charge |
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What are electrons?
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-present around the nucelus in an electron cloud
-negetively charged |
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What is an electron cloud?
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electrons which hover around the nucleus
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What is the atomic number?
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how many protons and electrons are present
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What is the atomic mass?
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-mass of the atom
-can use it to find the number of neutrons (atomic mass-atomic #=neutrons) |
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What are orbitals?
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the path around the nucleus that the electron travels
-the first orbital only has room for 2 electrons -second and third orbitals have room for 8 |
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What is the octet rule?
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Atoms are most stable when it has 8 electrons in it's valence shell.
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What is the lewis structure?
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shows the bonding between atoms -show the atom by using its chemical symbol
-only represents the valence shell -each dot represents an electron |
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What is the valence shell?
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the outermost orbital (stable when has 8 electrons)
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What are covalent bonds?
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When 2 or more atoms share electrons to form a molecule
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What is an ionic bond?
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-sometime atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons
-creates an unequal number of protons and electrons so you get a charged molecule=ion. example:sodium gets rid of an electron so it can be stable and then it becomes an ion. |
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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-water is bonded by a covalent bond
-the electrons spend more time around the oxygen -this gives it a slight charge(oxygen-and hydrogen+) -the hydrogen attracts to oxygen on other molecules |
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What are waters unique qualities?
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-heats efficiently
-ability to bond to itself and other substances easily- -water dissolves many substances |
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Water-heats efficently
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-takes water a while to heat up and a while to cool down
-prevents overheating -helps cells maintain their temperature |
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Adhesion
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When a substance interacts with a different substance
ex. meniscus in graduated cylinder-water wants to react with sides or plants-the attraction of the water to the insdies of the tree |
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Cohesion
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an attraction between substances of the same kind
-surface tension:water bonds with water creating a film like saran wrape -water droplets are formed because of this-allows for a water source for some organisms |
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What is a heterogeneous mixture?
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the mix of 2 different subtances which is not uniformly distributed
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What is a homgemous mixture?
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A solution!
mix of 2 different substances which are uniformely distrbuted (ex. salt water) |
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What is a solvent?
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What is doing the dissolving
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What is a solute?
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what is being dissolved
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What are carbohydrates?
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-organic compounds made of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen
-for every carbon there are 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen H-C-OH |
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What are monosaccharides?
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-most basic carbohydrates and are also called simple sugars
-the ost important monosaccharides=glucose and fructose, both with 6 carbons |
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What is glucose?
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C6H12O6 in ring form
most useful version of sugar, and where we get our carbon from |
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what is fructose
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C6H12O6
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What is an isomer?
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something that has the same amount of atoms arranged differently
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What is a disaccharide?
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2 molecules of monosaccharides together minus H2O
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What is sucrose?
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Glucose+glucose->(dehydration)sucrose!
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What are polysaccharides?
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complex carbohydrates composed of many simple sugars
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What are polysaccharides used for?
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starch-main place for energy storage in plants
glycogen-main place for energy storage in animals cellulose-most common type of polysaccharide-we can't digest |
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What are lipids made of?
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hydrogen, carbon, oxygen and can contain nitrogen and phosphorus
-contains carboxyl group -nonpolar and hydrophobic |
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What are lipids used for?
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-energy storing molecules
-making up some of the lining that protects your nerves -play a role in hormones that regulate blood pressure -helps body absorb fat soluble vitamins -present in skin to repel water -provides cushioning for various body parts |
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Fats and Oils
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fats and oils are made of gycerol and fatty acids
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Phospholipids
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made of 1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group and nitrogen group
hydrophilic! |
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unsaturated fatty acid
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contains a carbon to carbon double bond
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saturated fatty acid
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carbon filled with hydrogen
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Proteins
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controls the chemistry of the cell
-fundamental to the structure of all living things |
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What are proteins made of?
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C, H,N,O may contain sulfur
subunits called animno acids |
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How do proteins get their characteristics?
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the side chain with each amino acid (R-group makes it polar)
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What are amino acids?
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the subunits of proteins
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Explain Protein Bonding
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Amino acids bond together using dehydration reaction and covalent bonds.
step 1: OH(aa1) + H (aa2)-> H20 2. e-are shared between carbon and nitrogen (peptide bond) |
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What is the primary structure?
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Shows what amino acids are present in 1 polypeptide chain and in what order
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What is the secondary structure?
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1. Alpha Helix and Beta pleated sheet
2. polypeptide chain an alpha or beta? 3. helix and sheet are formed when hydrogen bonds occur between amino acids |
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What is the tertiary structure?
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helixes and sheetes of 1 polypeptide chain
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What is the quarternary structure?
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2 or more polypeptide cahinst hat are independently folded are now folded together and it forms a protein
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What is radioactivity?
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a property of a substance which emits high energy radiation
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What is radiation?
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A thing-energy in the form of waves and particles sent over a distance.
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What are isotopes?
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atoms of the same element but with a different number of neutrons
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What is an alpha particle?
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2 protons and 2 neutrons
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What is a beta particle?
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an electron that is released from a neutron to help stabalize the nucleus by decreasing the number of neutrons.
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What are gamma rays?
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when alpha and beta decay occurs and the atom is left in an excited state. to get to a low energy state they release gamma rays, packets of energy that are released as waves, no charge and practically no mass.
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What is half-life?
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The time it takes half of all the atoms in a radioactive material to decay.
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What is Nuclear Fission?
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the process which creates the energy in nuclear power
step 1. free floating neutron is taken in by U-235 2. the atom splits into 2 new atoms,and releases gamma rays (lots of energy!) |
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What did Becquerel do?
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Discovered that uranium already had radioactivity with any external force, and that it was a characteristic of the element itself.
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What did Roentgen do?
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-produced electromagnetic radiation in a wave lenghth-x-rays!
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What did Curie do?
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Discovered radium and polonium
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What did Einstein do?
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E=MC2
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What did Meitner do?
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Discover Nuclear Fission
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What is a prokaryote?
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a single celled organism that has free floating Dna
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What is a eukaryote?
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single or multicellular organism . DNA is enclosed by a membrane.
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Cell Membrane
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controls what goes in and out of the cell
composed of lipids 2 layers of phospholipids (lipid bilayer) and proteins can be embedded in the bilayer. |
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What does the golgi apparatus do?
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Packages and Labels Proteins
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What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?
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moves the proteins from the golgi apparatus to various places in a cell.
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What is the vacuole?
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Pockets of water or other materials.
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What is a lysosome?
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a vacuole that contains digestive enzymes.
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What is the nucleus?
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Contains DNA and is a control center for many functions that occur in the cell.
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What does the mitochondria do?
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creates energy from food
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What do chloroplasts do?
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create energy in plants
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What is the phospholipid bilayer?
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The 2 layers of phospholipids that the cell membrane is composed of.
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What is passive transport?
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how a particle goes through the cell membrane without energy, involves diffusion and facilited transport.
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What is diffusion?
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the process of molecules moving from a higher concentration to a lower concentration to reach equilibrium
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What is osmosis?
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how water moves through a plasma membrane (through protein channels)
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What is equilibrium?
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When there is the same concentration inside and outside the cell.
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What is an isotonic solution?
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same concentration of the solutes as the cell.
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What is a hypertonic solution?
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concentration of solutes is higher on the outside than inside the cell. cell shrinks.
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what is the hypotonic solution?
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the solute is at a higher concentration inside the cell than outside, water moves into the cell and it swells.
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What is an ion channel?
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A donut shaped protein that has polar openings. controls what comes in and out.
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What is a gated ion channel?
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an ion channel that is gated shut which can be opened by a change in electrical charge and the binding of specific molecules.
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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the process of moving molecules from a higher concentration to a lower concentration with the help of a carrier protein.
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What is a carrier protein?
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a protein that carries specific molecules such as amino acids and carbohydrates.
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What is active transport?
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movement of molecules across a membrane which goes against the concentration gradient (needs ATP)
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What is the sodium-potassium pump?
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-active transport
-3 sodium ions bind to the pump anda phosphate group also binds -pump changes shape, sodium ions are transported across the cell membrane and released outside the cell -2 potassium ions are outside the cell and bind to the pmp, they're transported across the membrane -the phosphate group is released the the 2 potassium ions are realeased inside the cell |
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What is endocytosis?
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the movement of a molecule into a cell by a vesicle
step 1-cell membrane forms a pouch around a substance 2. the pouch closes up and pinches off |
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What is exocytosis?
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the movement of a substance by a vesicle to the oustide of a cell.
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What is phagocytosis?
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taking in food molecules into a cell by a vesicle
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What is pinocytosis?
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taking in water molecules into a cell by a vesicle.
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What is a ligand?
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a signal molecule that binds to the receptor portein.
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What is the CNS?
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central nervous system
controls the body consists of the brain and spinal cord |
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What is the PNS?
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peripheral nervous system
sensory and motor neurons that branch throughout the body |
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What is a neuron?
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a nerve cell that is able to recieve, encode, and transmit info to other cells.
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What is a motor neuron?
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a neuron that sends messages from the CNS to muscles and other organs.
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What is a sensory neuron?
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a neuron that sends info from the sensory organs to the CNS
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What is the cerebrum?
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the largest part of the brain, holds the capacity for learning, memory, perceptions and intellectual functions
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What is the cerebellum?
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regulates posture, balance and movement by coordinating the movement of the muscles
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What is the brain stem?
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epithalamus
thalamus hypothalamus midbrain pons medulla oblongata -regulates heart rate, body temp, breathing... |
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What does the thalamus do?
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all sensory processing goes here.
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What does the hypothalamus do?
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controls the feeling of hunger and thirst, plays a role in heart rate and breathing
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What is the spinal cord?
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dense cable of nervous cells that run through the vertebral column. links PNS to the brain
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What is the dorsal root?
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contains sensory neurons that recieve information from areas of sensory input to the CNS
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What is the ventral root?
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contains motor neurons that carry response form CNS
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What is grey matter?
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contains cell bodies of neurons
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what is white matter?
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contains the axons of neurons
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neuron-cell body (soma)
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contains the nucleus and other organelles
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neuron-dendrites
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bush like projections that brings info from sensory cells or other neuronsd to the cell body
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neuron-axon
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long projection that carries info away from the cell body
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neuron-axon terminal
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swelling of the axon that comes close to another cell
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What are glial cells?
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cells that support neurons7
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What are schwann cells?
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found in PNS, they wrap aroudn the axon, then surrounded by layers of plasma membrane-allows nerve impulses to move quicker
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What is membrane potential?
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describes the difference in charge across the cell membrane
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What is resting potential?
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membrane potential of a neuron at rest (axon is negative)
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What is action potential?
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the local reversal of the polarity inside the neuron (axon is positive)
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Resting Potential Pumps
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-sodium potassium pump allows for the Na+ to be higher concentration on ouside K+ to be higher concentraion on insde
-potassium open channel moves the K+ out of the cell |
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How action Potential Occurs
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1. info is sent into cell body from dendrites, causing cell body to switch polarity
2. triggers sodium voltage gated ion channel to open, sodium moves inside the cell, floods with sodium (more positevely charged ions inside and less outside=Action Potential) |
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How action potential ends
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1. sodium channels are only open for a little bit, no longer is entering but is being pumped out by the sodium potassium pump, more positive ions are leaving than entering
2. potassium voltage gated ion channels also open and more potassiu mis released outside the cell, eventually close as resting potential is reached |
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What is the presynaptic cell?
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the cell that is sending the information
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What is the postsynaptic cell?
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the cell that is recieving the information
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What is a neurotransmitter?
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a molecule that is released by the presynaptic neuron, travels across the synapse and excites or inhibits action potential
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How do cells communicate?
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1. nerve impulse moves down the axon into axon terminal
2. change from - to + due to action potential opens a calcium voltage gated channel Ca+ enters 3. calcium triggers the vesicles to leave using exocytosis-release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft 4. goes across synaptic cleft and binds to specific receptro mediated sodium ion channel, causes or stops action potential |
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What is the somatic nervous system?
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controlsskeletal muslces that are under voluntary controls
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What is spinal reflex?
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reaction that is involuntary and rapid-self protecting motor response
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What are interneurons?
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connect sensory and motor neurons along with connecting themselves
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What is the parasympathetic NS?
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maintains body under normal conditions and keeps body functioning even when not active
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What is the sympathetic NS?
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dominated when you are experiencing times of physical or emotional stress.
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What are sensory receptors?
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specilized neurons that detect external stimuli and converet them to electricul stimuli (nerv impulse)
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Thermoreceptors
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stimuli: temperature change
location:skin and hypothalamus role: Helps maintain homeostatis by keeping your body temp. within normal range |
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Pain receptors
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stimuli:tissue damage
location:all tissues and organs except brain role: decrease tissue damage |
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What are photoreceptors?
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stimuli:light is being bent or moved
location: eyes role: aid with vision |
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What is the cornea?
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the clear part of the eye that protects the lens, pupil and iris. made of 5 layers of tissue
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What is the choroid?
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between the sclera and retina and is made of blood vessels that gives your eye nutrients
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How do you see?
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1. light reflects off an object and then enters the eye through the cornea
2. cornea bends the light to go through the pupil. bending the light allows for sharper focus 3. the iris on either side of the pupil will contract or dilate to control the pupil and control how much light is let in. 4. the light passes through the lens 5. image travels through the vitreous gel 6. the image is placed upisde down on the retina 7. photoreceptors receive the image and change it to an electrical signl |
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What is accomodation?
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the ability for your eye to adjust its focal length
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Nearsighted
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-the inability of the eye to focus on distant objects
-light is bent more than it needs to be |
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Farsighted
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inability to see objects nearby in focus
-cannot get the curvature you need in your lens |
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What does the retina do?
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converts light rays to electrical messages
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What does the vitreous gel do?
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image travels through it
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What does the lens do?
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light passes through it
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What does the pupil do?
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controls the light going through
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What does the iris do?
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constricts and dilates pupil
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What does the optic nerve do?
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connects the image to the brain
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What does the macula do?
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controls detailed vision
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What do cones and rods do?
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cones-color, details, bright light
rods-dim light |
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What are photoreceptors?
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stimuli:light is being bent or moved
location: eyes role: aid with vision |
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What is the cornea?
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the clear part of the eye that protects the lens, pupil and iris. made of 5 layers of tissue
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What is the choroid?
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between the sclera and retina and is made of blood vessels that gives your eye nutrients
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How do you see?
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1. light reflects off an object and then enters the eye through the cornea
2. cornea bends the light to go through the pupil. bending the light allows for sharper focus 3. the iris on either side of the pupil will contract or dilate to control the pupil and control how much light is let in. 4. the light passes through the lens 5. image travels through the vitreous gel 6. the image is placed upisde down on the retina 7. photoreceptors receive the image and change it to an electrical signl |
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What is accomodation?
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the ability for your eye to adjust its focal length
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Nearsighted
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-the inability of the eye to focus on distant objects
-light is bent more than it needs to be |
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Farsighted
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inability to see objects nearby in focus
-cannot get the curvature you need in your lens |
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What does the retina do?
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converts light rays to electrical messages
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What does the vitreous gel do?
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image travels through it
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What does the lens do?
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light passes through it
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What does the pupil do?
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controls the light going through
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What does the iris do?
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constricts and dilates pupil
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What does the optic nerve do?
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connects the image to the brain
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What does the macula do?
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controls detailed vision
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What do cones and rods do?
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cones-color, details, bright light
rods-dim light |
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What is focal length?
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the distance from the cornea to the retina
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