Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
ARCHAEOLOGY
|
study of human activity in the past
|
|
|
Law of Superposition
|
in undisturbed layers of rock, the oldest is on the bottom and the youngest is on the top
|
|
|
Stratigraphy
|
the analysis of the order and position of the layer of archaeology remains
|
|
|
Kitchen middens
|
refuse heaps containing bones, shells, stone implements, etc.
|
|
|
Observations
|
directly sensed information
|
|
|
Inferences
|
a conclusion reached on the basis of your observations
|
|
|
Artifacts
|
objects made by human beings
|
|
|
Ecofacts
|
natural materials not shaped by humans
|
|
|
Radioactive Dating
|
a technique that can determine a numerical age of an object by examining its chemical composition
|
|
|
Half-life
|
time period in which a material takes to break down in half.
|
|
|
Neolithic
|
newest age
shaped rocks to make daggers carving pottery |
|
|
Mesolithic
|
middle age time period
slight shaped rocks evidence of some sort of plates and bowls |
|
|
Paleolithic
|
oldest age
rocks in natural state no pottery |
|
|
Pollen
|
Used to understand the vegetation of an area
|
|
|
Dendrochronology
|
the science or technique of dating events, environmental change, and archaeological artifacts by using the characteristic patterns of annual growth rings in timber and tree trunks
|
|
|
POPULATION
|
a group of organisms of one specific species that interbred and live in the same place at the same time
|
|
|
J-shaped curve
|
the growth rate accelerates
|
|
|
S-shaped curve
|
the growth rate accelerates
hits the point of maximum growth then slows down |
|
|
Carrying capacity
|
the maximum number of individuals that can live for an extended time period
** the carrying capacity for humans is not determined because of all the changes on earth |
|
|
Emigrants
|
people who leave the country (-)
|
|
|
Immigrants
|
people who move into the country (+)
|
|
|
Limiting factors
|
restricts the growth of the population (disease, accidents, floods, fires, tornadoes, resources (food, water, cleaning products))
|
|
|
*Demographic transition*
|
The transition from high birth and death rates to a low birth and death rates as a country moves from undeveloped to developed
|
|
|
Fertility Rate
|
the number of births the average woman will have in the time she lives
|
|
|
Mortality Rate
|
ratio of deaths to population
|
|
|
Developed Country
|
They have infrastructure in place - such as roads, bridges, water pipes, fuel lines, electrical wiring, fiber optic wiring, and septic/sewage and runoff drainage or treatment systems
technical capacity to take care of all their citizens with such infrastructure services as mechanical repair or maintenance facilities, doctors and medical facilities, etc. In short, a developed country has three things: It has stuff, it has people to take care of that stuff (and of other people), and it has people who make money and give up part of that money to pay for stuff. |
|
|
Developing Country
|
Similar to developed
The existing infrastructure is usually either old or poorly maintained (or both) The people have less money to spend on stuff and so there are either fewer experts or the quality of the products that they make or the services they provide is lower than in a developed country. |
|
|
Undeveloped Country
|
lots of people but lacks some (or all!) basic infrastructures for some or all of its citizens
the people have no stuff and must make money which they are then expected to give to their government, who will then give them stuff. Governments in these kinds of countries are invariably |
|
|
Exponential Growth
|
gradually increasing overtime
|
|
|
Replacement Rate
|
***
|
|
|
CHEMISTRY
|
The branch of science that deals with the identification of the substances of which matter is composed
|
|
|
Element
|
Cannot be broken down by chemical means
|
|
|
Neutron
|
a particle having no charge
|
|
|
Electron
|
a particle having negative charge
|
|
|
Proton
|
a particle having positive charge
|
|
|
Mass number
|
protons + neutrons for an atom
|
|
|
Energy level
|
regions around the nucleus where electrons surround the atom
|
|
|
*Orbital/shell*
|
******
|
|
|
Atomic Number
|
number of protons
defines the element |
|
|
Nucleus
|
charged center of the atom
|
|
|
isotope
|
different form of an element
|
|
|
Atomic mass
|
bottom number
number of protons |
|
|
atom
|
simplest form of matter that retains the properties of a particular element
|
|
|
ion
|
charged atom/particle
|
|
|
MINING
|
…
|
|
|
Ecological footprint
|
humanity's demands on nature
|
|
|
Acid Rain
|
Rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic
Possesses elevated levels of hydrogen ions |
|
|
Acid Mine Drainage
|
outflow of acid rain from metal or coal mines
|
|
|
Underground Mining
|
dig a tunnel to get to the rock
can be very dangerous takes a longer time to get the rock to the surface |
|
|
Open pit mine
|
strip away surface
significant disruption in ecosystem |
|
|
Cobalt
|
most used in US is imported from other countries
sulfur is found within cobalt; sulfur can cause acid runoff when mixed with rain water clearing the land for mine can cause extra sediment in rivers extra sediment is not healthy for for fish smelting cobalt releases sulfur dioxide; which leads to acid rain Arsenic runs into streams and groundwater which can be toxic and cancerous used to make heat resistant alloys one of the three magnetic elements |
|
|
Cobaltite
|
mineral
made up of cobalt, sulfur, and arsenic |
|
|
overburden
|
forestation on top of mining area
|
|
|
gangue
|
valueless material in which an ore is found
|
|
|
Smelting
|
extracting metal from ore by heating
|
|
|
*Diminishing returns*
|
***
|
|
|
Chemical separation
|
separating the elements
|
|
|
Aluminum
|
third most abundant element
metal found in earths crust resist corrosion low density |
|
|
Alumina
|
chemical compound of aluminum and oxygen
|
|
|
Bauxite
|
the chief ore in aluminum
|
|
|
Gibbsite
|
mineral forms of aluminum hydroxide
|
|
|
Rock
|
made up of minerals
|
|
|
Mineral
|
most are solid
uncombined elements or compounds |
|
|
Ore
|
solid material from which a metal can be extracted
|
|
|
Strategic Metal
|
a metal
mostly imported from politically volatile countries used for military/defense purposes |
|
|
*Arsenic*
|
***
|
|
|
Electrolysis
|
split reactive metals from their ores after they are extracted from the ground
|
|
|
renewable resource
|
regenerated in nature
|
|
|
nonrenewable resource
|
exists in a fixed quantity
|
|
|
placer deposit
|
natural concentration of heavy minerals caused by the effect of gravity on moving particles.
|
|
|
concentration gradient
|
uneven distribution of substance across a border
|
|
|
motherlode
|
the collection of sediment over time or the source of the sediment
|
|
|
alloy
|
mixture of metals
|
|
|
sulfur
|
abundant
non metal found in a lot of compounds |
|
|
Polymer
|
many units (a large molecule composing of many sub units)
|
|
|
Monomer
|
sub units in a polymer
|
|
|
Polyethylene #1
|
soda and water bottles peanut butter jars
|
|
|
HDPE #2
|
high density polyethylene
minimal branching strong |
|
|
LDPE #4
|
low density polyethylene
extensive branching less compact |
|
|
Polyvinylchloride (PVC) #3
|
clear food packaging, pac piping, shampoo bottles
|
|
|
Polypropylene #5
|
ketchup, yogurt bottles
|
|
|
Polystyrene #6
|
meat trays, egg cartons, plates/bowls/cups
Styrofoam |
|
|
Other #7
|
gallon milk jugs
|
|
|
cross-linked polymers
|
increasing the strength in branching
|
|
|
tensile strength
|
the amount of pulling force placed on a material before it breaks
|
|
|
abrasion resistance
|
toughness of a material against scraping, scuffing, and scaring
|
|
|
puncture resistance
|
ability of a material to keep moving objects from perforating the surface
|
|
|
Casein
|
protein found in milk
|
|
|
Heat
|
random kinetic energy of matter
|
|
|
Kinetic Energy
|
energy of motion
|
|
|
Potential energy
|
"stored" energy
|
|
|
1st law of thermodynamics
|
energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form to another (transform)
|
|
|
2nd law of thermodynamics
|
every time energy transforms it will lose some of its energy (heat)
|
|
|
Energy
|
the ability to do work
|
|
|
Convection
|
when heated molecules move from one place to another
|
|
|
Conduction
|
when one molecule collides with another and gives it more energy
|
|
|
Radiation
|
when energy travels in the form of electromagnetic waves
|
|
|
Photovoltaic
|
using solar panels to convert sunlight into electricity
|
|
|
Turbine
|
a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid and converts it into useful work
|
|
|
Fission
|
a large atomic nucleus is spit into smaller particles
|
|
|
N-type silicon
|
silicone chemically combined with phosphorus to make conductive
|
|
|
P-type silicon
|
silicone chemically combine with boron to make conductive
|
