Science Mid-Term

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Cell

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the basic unit of structure and function in a living thing

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Cell Membrane

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forms the outside boundary of the cell

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Nucleus

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the control center that directs the cell's activities and contains information that determines the cell's form and function

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Cytoplasm

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the material within a cell apart from the nucleus

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Tissue

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a group of similar cells that perform

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Muscle tissue

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can contract or shorten; allows your body to move

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Nervous tissue

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enables you to see, hear, and think; carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and other parts of the body

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Connective tissue

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connects and supports parts of your body; provides support for your body and connects all of its parts

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Epithelial tissue

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covers the surfaces of your body and lines your internal organs; protects the delicate structures beneath it

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Organ

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a structure that is composed of different kinds of tissue

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Organ system

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a group of organs that work together to perform a major function

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Homestasis

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all the systems of your body work together to maintain this. It is the process in which an organism's internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment

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Stress

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the reaction of your body to potentially threatening, challenges, or disturbing events

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Skelteton

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made up of all the bones in your body

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Vertebrae

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26 small bones that make up your backbone

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Joint

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a place in your body where 2 bones come together; allow bones to move in different ways

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Ligaments

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are the bones in movable joints that are held together by strong connective tissues called this

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Cartilage

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most joints have a second type of connective tissue called this; is more flexible than bone

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Compact bone

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beneath the bone's outer layer; is hard and dense but not solid

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Spongy bone

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just outside the femur's compact bone; has many small spaces which make the bone lightweight but strong

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Marrow

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the soft, connective tissue spaces in bones; there are 2 type of marrows/ red and yellow. Red produces body blood cells and yellow stores fat that can serve as an energy reserve

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Osteoporisis

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a condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily

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Involuntary muscles

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muscles that are NOT under your control

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Voluntary muscles

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muscles that ARE under your control

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Skeletal muscle

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are attached to the bones of the skeleton and provide the force that moves your bones.

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Smooth muscle

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the inside of many internal organs such as the stomach or blood vessels; are involuntary

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Cardiac muscle

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found only in your heart; is involuntary; are striated; it can contract repeatedly like heartbeats

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Tendon

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a strong connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

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Striated muscle

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when skeletal muscle cells appear banded or striated

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Nutrients

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the substances in food that provide the raw materials and energy the body needs to carry out al its essential process

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Calorie

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the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

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Carbohydrates

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are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen,are a major source of energy. In addition to providing energy, carbohydrates provide the raw materials to make cell parts

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Glucose

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type of sugar; the major source of energy for your body's cells

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Fat

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are energy-containing nutrients that are composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. They for part of the cell membrane, the structure that forms the boundary of a cell. Protects and supports your internal organs and insulates your body

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Proteins

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nutrients that contains nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; are needed for tissue growth and repair. They also play an important part in chemical reactions within cells

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Amino acids

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small units of protein; are linked together chemically to for large protein molecules.

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Minerals

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nutrients that are not made by living things

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Water

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the most important nutrient because the body;s vital process-including chemical reactions such as the breakdown of nutrients-take place in water

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Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

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Guidelines that show the amounts of nutrients that are needed everyday

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Absorbation

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the process by which nutrient molecules pass through the walls of your digestive system into your blood

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Digestion

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the process by which your body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules