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83 Cards in this Set
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What is a dry form of lava that forms like clinkers?
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aa
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What is a ringlike coral island and reef that nearly or entirely encloses a lagoon?
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Atoll
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What is a hard, dense, dark volcanic rock composed chiefly of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine, and often having a glassy appearance?
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Basalt
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What is a building sometimes used for earthquakes in which the foundation is seperated from the rest of the building?
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Base-isolated building
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A mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cooled inside the crust.
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Batholith
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What is a large crater formed by volcanic explosion or by collapse of a volcanic cone?
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Caldera
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What is a slow-moving type of lava that hardens to form rough chunks?
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aa
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The process by which dissolved minerals crystallize and glue particles of sediment together into one mass.
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cementation
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The process by which sediments are pressed together under their own weight.
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compaction
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An experiment in which all factors except one are kept constant
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controlled experiment
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A bowl shaped area that forms around a volcano's central opening.
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Crater
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The layer of rock that forms earth's outer surface.
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crust
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A solid in which the atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats again and again.
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crystal
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A deep valley along the ocean floor through which oceanic crust slowly sinks towards the mantle.
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Deep ocean-trench
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The amount of mass in a given space: mass per unit volume.
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Density
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Term used to describe metamorphic rocks whose grains are arranged in parallel layers or bands.
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Foliated
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A trace of an ancient organism that has been preserved in rock.
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Fossil
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The study of planet earth.
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Geology
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A fountain of water and steam that builds up pressure underground and erupts at regular intervals.
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Geyser
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A particle of mineral or other rock that gives a rock its texture
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grain
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A usually light colored rock that is found in continental crust.
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Granite
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An area where magma from deep within the mantle melts through the crust above it.
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Hot spot
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Not formed from living things or the remains of living things.
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Inorganic
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The process by which an earthquakes violent movement suddenly turns loose soil into liquid mud.
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Liquefaction
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The pocket beneath a volcano where magma collects.
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Magma Chamber
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The undersea mountain chain where new ocean floor is produced: a divergent plate boundary
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Mid-ocean ridge
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A naturally occuring, inorganic solid that has a crystal structure and a definite chemical composition.
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Mineral
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Rock that contains a metal or economically useful mineral.
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Ore
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Sedimentary rock that forms where remains of organisms are depositied in thick layers.
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Organic Rock
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The name of the single landmass that broke apart 200 million years ago and gave rise to today's continents.
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Pangea
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The theory that pieces of earth's lithosphere are in constant motion driven by convection currents in the mantle.
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Plate Tectonics
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The expulsion of ash, cinders, bombs and gasses during an explosive volcanic eruption.
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Pyroclastic Flow
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A deep valley that forms where two plates move apart.
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Rift Valley
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A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean
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Ring of Fire
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The process by which molten material adds new oceanic crust to the ocean floor.
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Sea-Floor Spreading
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Small solid pieces of material that comes from rocks or organisms.
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Sediment
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A device that records groundmovements caused by seismic waves as they move through earth.
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Seismograph
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Stress that pushes a mass of rock in opposite directions.
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Shearing
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A material that is formed from the elements oxygen and silicon; is found in magma
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Silica
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A slab of volcanic rock formed when magma squeezes between layers of rock.
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Sill
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The process by which ore is melted to seperate the useful metal from other elements.
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Smelting
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A device that determines the distance of an object underwater by recording echoes of soundwaves.
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Sonar
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A force that acts on rock to change its shape/volume.
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Stress
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A type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up/down movements.
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Strike-Slip faults
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The process by which oceanic crust sinks beneath a deep ocean trench and back into the mantle at a convergent plate boundary.
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Subduction
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Stress that stretches rock so that it becomes thinner in the middle.
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Tension
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The look and feel of a rock's surface determined by the size, shape and pattern of a rocks grains.
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Texture
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A large wave produced by an earthquake on the ocean floor.
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Tsunami
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A narrow slab of a mineral that is sharply different from the surrounding rock.
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Vein
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The opening through which molten rock and gas leave the volcano.
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vent
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A deposit of hardened magma in a volcano's pipe.
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Volcanic Neck
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The shape of the land determined by elevation, relief and landforms.
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Topography
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The difference in elevation between the highest and lowest parts of an area.
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Relief
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The line that makes a half circle from the North Pole to the South Pole and passes through Greenwich England.
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Prime Meridian
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Charactaristic of a material that is full of tiny, connected air spaces which water can seep through.
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Permeable
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A line on a topographic maps that connects different points of elevation.
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Contour Line
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The difference in elevation from one contour line to the next.
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Contour interval
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A method of long. and lat. using satellites.
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GPS (Global Positioning System)
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The process by which water, ice, wind or gravity moves weathered rock and soil.
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Erosion
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The grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice, or wind.
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Abrasion
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The solid layer of rock beneath the soil.
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Bedrock
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Process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks then freezes and expands.
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Ice wedging
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Dark colored organic material in soil.
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Humus
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Rich, fertile soil made up of about equal parts of clay, sand, and silt.
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loam
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The loose layer of dead plant leaves and stems on the surface of the soil.
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Loam
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The loose layer of dead plant leaves and stems on the surface of the soil.
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Litter
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A thick mass of grass, roots and soil.
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Sod
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The smallest unit of an element that retains the properties of that element is.....
...A substance composed of a single kind of atom is... ...Two or more atoms together... |
...atom....element...compound
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What is the connection between clastic rock, chemical rock and organic rock?
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Clastic is Sedimentary rock that forms when rock fragments are squeezed togeether under high pressure...
Chemical is sedimentary rock that forms when minerals crystallize to form a solution... Organic is sedimentary rock that forms where remains of organisms are deposited in thick layers... These are the three types of sedimentary rock! |
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What are some of the properties/tables used to classify rocks?
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Mohs hardness scale, streak, luster, cleavage, fracture, color, fluorescence etc.
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What are the tree different types of volcanoes?
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Shield- Wide, gently sloping
Composite- tall, cone shaped with alternating layers of lava and ash. Cinder cone- Steep, cone-shaped, made of thick lava. |
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What do constructive and destructive forces do?
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Constructive forces build up earth and shape the surface by creating mountains and elevated landforms...
Destructive forces wear away mountains and other features on earth's surface. |
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What are the three types of boundaries and how do they differ?
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Transform- Two plates slip past each other in opposite directions, earthquakes mostly here.
Divergent- The place where two plates move apart, mostly occuring and mid-ocean ridge. Convergent- Where two plates come together, collision happens and may bring together oceanic crust and continental crust. |
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What are the two types of igneous rock and how do they differ?
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Extrusive- Rock formed from lava that erupted ON EARTH'S SURFACE.
Intrusvie- Rock formed from lava that hardened BENEATH EARTH'S SURFACE. |
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What is a footwall? What is a hanging wall?
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Footwall- The half of the fault that lies below in a normal fault.
Hanging wall- The half of the fault that lies above in a normal fault. |
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What are the 3 main groups of rock and how are they different?
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Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary...
Igneous forms from the cooling of molten rock Sedimentary forms when particles of other rocks or the remains of plant/animals are pressed and cemented together. Metamorphic forms when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. |
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What are the 3 main groups of rock and how are they different?
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Igneous, Metamorphic and Sedimentary...
Igneous forms from the cooling of molten rock Sedimentary forms when particles of other rocks or the remains of plant/animals are pressed and cemented together. Metamorphic forms when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions. |
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What are the four layers of earth and what purpose do they specifically serve?
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Crust, Mantle, Core, Inner Core outside-inside
Crust- Rock outer covering Mantle- Place where convection currents move Core- liquid, gravitates around Inner Core Inner Core- Solid, hottest, spins around quickly, very center of the earth. |
Think about _____________ currents that occur in the mantle!
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What is the difference between lava and magma?
What are features formed by these? |
Lava is magma exposed to air!
Magma has not been exposed oxygen! Batholith, Volcanic neck, sill, dyke |
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What are the four sections of earth's gases surrounding the planet?
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Lithosphere, Bioshpere, Asthenosphere, Atmosphere
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What are the four sections of earth's gases surrounding the planet?
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Lithosphere, Biosphere, Asthenosphere, Atmosphere
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What are the 3 scales for measuring earthquakes and how do they differ?
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Mercalli Scale- A scale developed to rate earthquakes according to their intensity.
Richter Scale- A rating of the size of seismic waves as measured by a particular type of seismograph. Moment Magnitude scale- A rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake, present day device. |
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You are...
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Done with the flash cards!
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