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132 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Acetylcholine (ACH)
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chemical transfer substance released by some nerve endings
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Acid
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A compound that yields H+ ions in solution or a solution with the concentration oh H+ exceeding OH-
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Acid-base Balance
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situation in which the pH of blood is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45
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Actinides
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the row of elements below the periodic table, from thorium to lawrencium
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Action potential
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a large transport processes for which ATP is provided (e.g. solute pumping and endocytosis)
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Active transport
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Membrane transport processes for which ATP is provided (e.g. solute pumping and endocytosis)
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Adaptation
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Recieve, interpret, and respond to internal and external stimuli via the nervous system
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Adhesion
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Molecular attraction between dissimilar molecules;attraction between water molecules and molecules that make up the inside if a xylem tube
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Adrenergic fibers
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Nerve fibers that release norepinephine
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Aerobic
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in the presence of oxygen
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Afferent (sensory) Nerve
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Nerve that contains processes of sensory neurons and carries nerve impulses to the central nervous system
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Agglutination
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clumping of (foreign) cells, induced by crosslinking of antigen-antibody complexes
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Agonist
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Muscle that bears the major responsibility for effecting a particular movement; a prime mover
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Alkali Metals
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the column of elements from lithium to francium
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Allele
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any of the alternative forms of a gene
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Allergy (hypersensitivity)
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overzealous immune response to an otherwise harmless antigen
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Alpha particle
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a cluster of 2 protons and 2 neutrons emitted from a nucleus in one type of radioactivity
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Amnion
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fetal membrane that forms a fluid-filed sac around the embryo
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Anabolism
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energy requiring building phase of metabolism in which simpler substances are combined to form more complex substances
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Anaerobic
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without the presence of oxygen
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Androgen
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A hormone that controls male secondary sex characteristics, such as testosterone
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Anion
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an atom or molecule with a negative charge
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Anode
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the negative electrode at which oxidation occurs
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Antibody
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A protein molecule that is released by a plasma cell (a daughter cell of an activated B lymphocyte) and that birds specifically to an antigen, an immunoglobulin
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Aqueous
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refers to a solution with water as the solvent
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Articulation (joint)
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the junction of two or more bones
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Asexual reproduction
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method of reproducing a new organism from one one parent by means of mitosis
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Atom
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the smallest amount of an element, a nucleus containing protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons
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Atomic Number
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the number of protons in the nucleus of a chemical element
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Atomic Weight
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the weight in grams of one mole of the chemical element, approximately the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
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Atrophy
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reduction in size or wasting away of an organ or cell resulting from disease or lack of use
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Avogadro's Law
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equal volumes of gases contain the same number of molecules
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Axon
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neuron process that carries impulses away from the nerve cell body, efferent process;the conducting portion of a nerve cell
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Bactericidal
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able to kill bacteria
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Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
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rate at which energy is expended (heat produced) by the body per unit or time under controlled basal conditions: 12 hours after a meal, at rest
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Base
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a compound that yields OH- ions in solution or a solution with the concentration of OH- exceeding H+
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Beta Particle
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an electron emitted from a nucleus in one type of radioactivity
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Blood Pressure
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Force exerted by blood against a unit area of the blood vessel walls, difference in blood pressure between different areas of circulation provide the driving force for blood circulation
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Boiling point
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the temperature at which liquid turns in to gas
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Bowman's capsule
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a network of capillaries encased in a membrane in the kidney for purpose of filtration
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Bolye's Law
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the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure
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Bronchioles
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the branching air passageways inside the lungs
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Buffer
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chemical substance or system that minimizes changes in pH by releasing or binding hydrogen ions
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Calorie
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a unit of energy, equal to 4.184 joules; the energy required to increase the temperature of 1.0g of water by one degree celcius
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Capillary Action
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the rising of a liquid in a small tube because of adhesive and cohesive forces
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Carbohydrate
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organic compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The hydrogen-to-oxygen ratio is 2:1
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Catalyst
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a chemical that changes the rate of chemical reaction without itself being chemically altered
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Cathode
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the positive electrode at which reduction occurs
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Cation
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an atom or molecule with a positive charge
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Charles' Law
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the volume of gas varies directly with temperature
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Chlorophyll
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green plant pigment that is found in chloroplast and is necessary for photosynthesis
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Chloroplast
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plant cell structures containing light sensitive chlorophyll
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Circulation
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transporting oxygen and other nutrients to the tissues via cardiovascular system
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Clone
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descendants of a single cell
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Coenzyme
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nonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme, typically a vitamin
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Cohesion
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attraction between similar molecules (e.g. attraction between 2 water molecules)
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Colloid
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suspension that does not separate on standing
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Colloidal Osmotic Pressure
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pressure created in a fluid by large non-diffusible molecules, such as plasma proteins, that are prevented from moving through a (capillary) membrane; such substances tend to draw water to them
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Colony
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group of bacteria cells
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Complemental Air
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amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled
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Compound
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a substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements
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Concentration
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the relative abundance of a solute in a solution
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Corticosteroids
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steroid hormones released by the adrenal cortex
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Cotyledon
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seed leaf that stores food for a plant embryo of seed plants
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Covalent Bond
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atoms linked together by sharing valence electrons
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Cranial Nerves
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the 12 nerve pairs that arise from the brain
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Culture Medium
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specially prepared nutritious substance used to grow experimental organisms
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Cytoplasm
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the cellular material surrounding the nucleus and enclosed by the plasma membrane
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Decomposition
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a chemical reaction in which a compound is broken into simpler compounds or elements
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Dehydrate
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to lose water
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Dendrite
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branching neurons that transmit the nerve implants toward the cell body
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Disaccharide
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sugar formed by the combination of two simple sugar molecules
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DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
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a nucleic acid found in all living cells which carries the organism's hereditary information
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DNA replication
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the process that occurs before cell division and insures that all daughter cells have identical genes
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Dominant Traits
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occur when one allele masks or suppresses the expression of its partner
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Ecosystem
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the interaction of living organisms with their environment
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Electrode
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a conducting substance that connects an electrolyte to an external circuit
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Electrolyte
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an ionic substance that has high electrical conductivity
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Electron
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a light subatomic particle with negative charge, found in orbitals surrounding atoms
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Element
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a substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical means; each chemical element is characterized by the number of protons in the nucleus (for ex: all atoms of hydrogen have 1 proton, and atoms of oxygen have 8 protons)
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Elimination
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removing metabolic waste
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Embryo
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early development of an animal or plant after fertilization; cylindrical structure within a seed that develops into a plant
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Emulsion
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suspension of two liquids which are incapable of mixing or attaining homogeneity
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Endocrine Glands
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ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood
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Endocrine System
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body system that includes internal organs that secrete hormones
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Energy
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the concept of motion or heat
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Enzyme
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protein catalyst; chemical that changes the rate of a chemical reaction in living tissue without itself being chemically altered
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Equilibrium
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a balanced condition resulting from two opposing reactions
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Erythrocytes
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red blood cells
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Estrogen
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hormones that stimulate female secondary sex chemical; female sex hormones
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Expiration
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process of breathing out
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Extracellular Fluid
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internal fluid located outside cells
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Faraday's Laws
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two laws of electrolysis relating the amount of substance to the quantity of electric charge
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Fascia
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layers of fibrous tissue covering and separating muscle
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Fermentation
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release of energy from sugar without the use of oxygen; anaerobic respiration
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Fertilization
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fusion of the sperm and egg nuclei
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Fetus
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developmental stage extending from the ninth week of development to birth
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Fibrinogen
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a blood protein that is converted to fibrin (a white, insoluble protein) during blood clotting
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Filtrate
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liquid that passes through the pores in a filter
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Follicle
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ovarian structure consisting of a developing egg surrounded by one or more layers of follicle cells; colloid-containing structure of the thyroid gland
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
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hormone produced by the anterior pituitary that stimulates ovarian follicle production in females and sperm production in males
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Free Energy
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the thermodynamic quantity measuring the tendency of a reaction to proceed; also called Gibbs free energy
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Freezing point
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the temperature at which a liquid turns to a solid
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Fulcrum
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the fixed point on which a lever moves when a force is applied
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Gamete
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sex or germ cell
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Genetic code
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the rules by which the base sequence of a DNA gene is translated into protein structures (amino acid sequences)
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Genome
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the complete set of chromosomes derived from one parent, the haploid genome, or the two sets of chromosomes (e.g. one set from one egg, the other from the sperm), the diploid gene
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Genotype
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one's genetic makeup or genes
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Germinate
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develop from a seed into a plant
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Glucose
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one of the simplest and most important sugars which is the basic transportable form of fuel for living organisms
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Golgi Apparatus
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membranous system close to the cell nucleus that packages protein secretions for export, packages enzymes into lysosomes for cellular use, and modifies proteins destined to become part of cellular membranes
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Gram formula weight
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an amount of a substance equal in grams to the sum of the atomic weights
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Gray Matter
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neural tissue of the brain and spinal cord that contains nerve-cell bodies as well as nerve fibers; is brownish gray color
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Halogens
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the column of elements from fluorine to astatine
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Heat capacity
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the amount of energy needed to raise the temperate of a substance by one degree Celsius or Kelvin
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Hemoglobin
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oxygen-transporting component of erythrocytes
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Hepatic (portal) system
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circulation in which the hepatic portal vein carries dissolved nutrients to the liver tissues for processing
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Homeostasis
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ability of a cell to regulate a stable internal environment by controlling the passage of fluids in and out of a cell
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Hormones
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steroidal or amino acid based molecules released to the blood that act as chemical messengers to regulate specific body functions
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Hydrocarbon
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an organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
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Hypertension
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high blood pressure
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Hypertonic Solution
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solution having a lower water concentration than a solution to which it is compared
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Hypotension
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low blood pressure
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Hypotonic Solution
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a solution having a higher water concentration that a solution to which it is compared
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Immune System
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a functional system whose components attack foreign substances or prevent their entry into the body
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In Vitro
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in a test tube, glass, or artificial environment
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inert gases
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the column of elements from helium to radon, also called noble gases
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inflammation
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a nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue injury, including dilation of blood vessels and an increase in vessel permeability; indicated by redness, heat, swelling, and pain
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Inoculation
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placement of bacteria onto a culture medium
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Inspiration
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process of breathing in
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Ion
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an atom with an electric charge due to gain or loss of electrons
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Ionization
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adding or subtracting electrons from atoms from an atom; alternatively, the dissociation of a solute into ions
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