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197 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Physiology began with Greeks using vitalism or spirit forces, what are the 4 forces of nature
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1. Earth
2. Fire 3. Air 4. Water |
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What are Earth
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black bile, dpressesed
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What is fire
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yellow bile, quick temper and anger
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What is Air
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blood, condifed
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What is water
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phlegm, unemotional
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What is balance
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balance of four forces, created a NORMAL healthy state, and imbalnce caused an abnormal stae
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What did Galen do
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demonstrated artieries contained blood, not air
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What is Galen's pneumatology, and how long did they persist
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stated the principles behind the transformation of nautral spirits to viral spirits--1500 years
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What did Vesalius do
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dissected human cadavers and wrote anatomy Fabrice
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What did Willam Harvey do, any WHY MOST IMPORTANT figure in physiology between the time of the Greeks and modern day physiologists
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1st person to demonstrate the direction of BLOOD FLOW in vein and arteries, and the conncetion
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What was William Harvey's major contribution in physiology
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EXPERMENTAL physiology--base on sci facts, vs myths
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What are 5 things William Harvey determined
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1. Heart is pump, and sole purpsore is to pump blood
2. Blood travels from Right heart to lungs, to left heart 3. Air remains in lungs 4. Blood moves in a ciruclar motion 5.The heart pumps the same volume of blood |
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What are 4 Kep therioes of cell thoery
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1. All organisms are composed of cells
2. New cells arise from pre-exisiting 3. All cells have same fundmental makeup and metabolic process 4. The overall process of an organism ar the results of interdependent and cooperative working of individuals cells |
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What is Cladue Bernard's Mechanistic physiology
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studing isolated organs, then studying them as the whole organism
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What is Milieu interieur
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humans have contrant internal temperature and chemical conditions despire changes in external environment
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What did Walter Cannon do
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studies of the digestive systme, and fight or flight
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Vitalism was for 2000 years, experimental was 400, mechanistic was 150 yeras, adn cellular and molecular was
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50 years
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What is homeostatis defintion
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the property of a closed system, especially a living organism which regulted its internal environments so as to maintain a stable constatn condition
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What is fundamental principle of modern physiology
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all physiological sysmtes when operating normally serve to maintain homeostatis
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What 2 things does maintaining homeostatis involvfe
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1. the expenditure of energy
2. regulatory processes |
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What is the ultimate goal of treatment of a disease
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restore homeostatis
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What things contribute to the molecular basis for homeostatis
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1. Proteins
2. ECF 3. Body fulids and compartments |
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Proteins operate all cellular functions--do what they do to maintain homeostatis
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1.Conforamtion--function properly (affected by ph ion)
2.communcation- 3. Molecular drug targets |
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How does ECF do to maintain homeostatis
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cells are bathed in ECF, and changed in ECF affect cell function as they communicate between other cells
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WHat are some important factors that affect ECF
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chemical concentration , pH, and temp
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What can changes in ECF causes
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changes in protein function, altered cell, tissue and organ function
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Can ECF changes impact WHOLE body homeostatis
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YES
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Do body fluids contain many IONS (K, Ca+) and organic compounds such as proteins, glucose
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YES
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What are 2 compartments
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Intracellular fluid (inside cell), and extracellular fluid- outside cells
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What are Key features of intracellular even though NOT continous comparment, and opposite of
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high K+, low Na+, and ph 7.0----ECG--expect pH is 7.3-7.4
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Total body water is what % of body weight, and what % or ECF and ICF
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BW 60%
ICF--67% ECF--33 |
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What are 4 types of ECF
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interstitial fluid
Plasma Lymph CSF |
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What is the fluid that surrounds all cells
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intersitial
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What are 3 principal regulatory mechanism
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1. Sensors
2. Effectors 3. Reference Point |
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What are sensors
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monitor both external and interal physiological functions and conditions
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Examples of sensors
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temp, light, pressure
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What are effectors
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systms that ACT to regulate physiologcal and EFFECT a change
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What are examples of effectors
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Nervous sysntem, and Hormonal sysmtems, immune sysmte
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What is the Reference Point (Set Point
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regulator system that dectect change in SET POINT or norm, and returns sysmte vack to their approptiate set points
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What are the 2 principles types of regulatory systmes
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1. Positive Feedback System
2. Negative Feedback System |
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What regulatory system OFTEN does NOT maintain homeostatis
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Postive feedback system
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How does Positive Feedback systems often act
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ACT to enchance a change from the normal or resting condition
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Do Positive feedback systmes exert a destablizing influcence
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YES
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What is HF and example of
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Postive Feedback sytems
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What is HF
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disease state which heart muscle weakens and cannot pump blood at normal rate
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How is HF a postive feedback system
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volume of blood in heart increases, causing heart to dialte, which causes further weaking, --makes worse
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What does Positive feedback loop do in child birth
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contnaly increase contractions
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What is the most common type of feedback systemq
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Negative feedback system
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What feedback system has a STABLIZING influence
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negative feedback
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How does Negative feedback systems act
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act to RESTORE noraml values
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What is an example of a negative feedback system
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blood pressure and baroreceptors
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What do Barorecptros do
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monitor pressure changes to regulate blood pressure
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What happens to Baroreceptors during increase blood pressure
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detect increase relative to reference point, send singal to CNS
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Where does CNS send signs to via
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SENSORY NEURONS, then CNS send to heart via EFFECTOR neurons, to decrease HR, and DIALATE Blood veseels
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Do Baroreceptors serve to restore to NORMAL LEVELS--this is known as a
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stablizing influence
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What is Reflex Arc
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nuerons transmit signal from dector organ, send to CNS, which sends back out to other organs to effect a change in function
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What happens under PATHOphysiologcial conditions
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the reference point it elevated, and feedback system acts to maintain that new one
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Blood Coagulation is what type of regulatory system
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positive feedback--forming a clot
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What are 2 pathways to formation of clot which utimately forms
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intrinsic or extrinsic pathway--fibrin (cross-linked)
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In a normal cell, how does mitrochondria repond to a infection (EXTRINSIC REVERSIBLE TRIGGER)
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infection triggers oxidative stress, which causes mitochondria to trigger gene activation and inflammtion to destroy infection
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What happens to a damaged cell (INTRINSIC IRREVERSIBLE TRIGGER)
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oxidative stress is caused internally--mitochonrdia responds by ativating genes, which causes CHRONIC inflmation and arthritis, heart disease and cancer
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What does normal p53 do
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is a transcription factors that codes for proteins that prevent cell divison
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What does normal p53 do with NO strss/ mild rersible damage
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transcribe antioxidant genes preventing or repair muations--leads normal cell growth
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What does noraml p53 do under extend stress or irrerabable damage
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transcribes PRO-oxidant genes that causes cell death
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What does mutatnt p53 do
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cannot transcrib--so leads to accumulation of mutation--and tumors
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What are sensors besides baroreceptors
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1. Chemorecptors
2. Thermorecptors |
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What do Chemoreceptors do
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detect chemical changes, and regulate pH and respiration
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Thermoreceptors regulate body temp, via
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hypothalamus--montior temperature of blood flowing thorugh brain
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What happens when body temperature increase
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effectors cool the body by increasing blood flow to skin and increase sweat production
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What happens when the body temperature decreases
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effectors converse by reducing blood flow to skin, and cause shivering, and RELEASE of hormones to INCREASE cellular metabolism
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3 Actions of cells
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1. 1st to maintian OWN homeostatis
2. using specialized function act in response to stimulus 3. cells work cooperatively and interdependtly within the WHOLE organism |
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What are 4 classes of tissues
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1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue 3. Muscle Tissue 4. Nerve Tissuer |
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What are components of epithelial tissue
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1. epithelial sheets
2. Glands |
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What are epthelial sheets
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closed packed cells that line surfaces--such as skin
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What are types of Glands
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Exocrine--secrete through ducts
ENDOcrine--secrete hormones directely in bloodstream |
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Cell Types of epithelial tissue
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squamous, cubidoal, columnar, and specialized
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What are types of connective tissue (MOST COMMON TISSUE (
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1.Dense connective tissue
2. Loose connective tissue |
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What does dense connective do and prinical cell
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supports, prinical cell is fibroblast
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What is intercellualr maxtix of Dense connective tissue
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collagen and elastin
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What is loos connective tissue do, and cell types
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protection, fat cells, mast cells macrophages, lymphcytes
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What are 3 examples of connective tissue
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Bone--Osteoblasts and clasts
Carilage--Chondroblasts Blood tissues--bone marrow, lymph cells, RBCs WBCs |
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What is function of muscle tissue
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movement of internal and external body bodys
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What are 3 types of muscle
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1. skeletal,
2. cardiac 3. smooth |
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What composes nerve tissue
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1. Neurons--highly specialized cells that transmit electrical impulses
2. Nerolgia--provides metabolic and structural support for neurons |
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What are organs
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group of tissue that perform a specialized function--heart--made of muscle epthelium and connective
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What are systems
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group of organs AND tissue that perform a specicif function--cardiovascular
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What is cell differentitaion
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process by which a single cell develops into another cell type
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What are terminally differntiated cells
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cannot be transformed into another cell type (nerve, mucles, and bones)
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What are non-terminally differentiated cells
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can be transformed into another cell
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What is proliferation/hyperplasisa
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process by which cells grow in number--can lead to tumor formation
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What is metaplasia
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an increase in cell number ACCOMPANIED by a change in cell PHENOTYPE
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What is Retinol dervied from
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Vit A
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Rentinol is converted to hormone retionic acids which does what
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targets vision, epithlia modeling, immnue function, fetal development
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Can cancer be caused by the cononal expansion of ONE transformed cell
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YES
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How many cells does a palpable tumor contain
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1 billion cells
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What are GENERAL functions of ALL CELLS
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SCREM
Synthesis and degrations cell metabolism repiration excretion metabolic absorption |
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What are SPECIALIZED function of some BUT NOT ALL CELLS
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MRS. C
Movement, reproduction, secretion, conductivity |
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Where does Glucose-6-dehydrogenase deficency occur and symptoms
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cytosol--most are asymptomatic
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What happens in Glucose-6-dehydrogenase deficency
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cannot reduced free radicals---so exposure can cause cellualar damage
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What are 3 characteristic properties taht support cell metabolism
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1. Genes
2. Process of obtain energy 3. Cell membranes |
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How does genes support cell metabolsim
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synthsis protiens that regulate activty
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What do proteins equal
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are the molecular basis of homeostatis
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How do cell membranes support cell metabolsim
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maintain cell enviroment contain a plasma mebmrane
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What does plasma membrane do
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protects cell interior and communication with ECF
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Why is the membrane of organells--separating cell processes, important for
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1. Protection of cell from powerful enzymes
2. Independent of synthsis and degradtion 3. Intrcellar process and sorting (sorting proteins for membrane vs secretion |
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What are 2 cell communication processes
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1. the plasma membrane
2. processes inside cell |
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What does cytoskeleton do
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provides cell shape, structure, and may aid in movement
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Microtubules and filaments are found throughout the cell, they may be linked by
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microtrabeular latticue
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What are the 4 cytokeleton components
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1. Microfilaments
2. Intermediate Filament 3. Muscle thick filament 4. microtubles |
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What is the primary function of microfilament
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structure, movment of cilia, or muscle cells
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What type of protein is microfilament, and struture
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actin, and solid structure
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What is primary function of intermediate filaments, its protein, and structure
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structure, several proteins, and is HOLLOW
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What is the primary functino of thick muscle filament
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sturuee, movment of cilia and muscle--same as microfialment
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What protein is muscle thick filament made of, and structure
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myosin, and solid
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What is the primary fucntion of microtubles
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sturucture, and movement WITHIN cell
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Whawt is protein of microtubles, and structure
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protein is tubulin, and structure is hollow
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What are 3 things that cytoskelton MAINTAINS
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1. cell shape and stability
2. position of organelles 3. poistion of membrane proteins |
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What type of movements does cytoskelton do
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1. move whole cell (cilia)
2. muscle contraction 3. moves organels |
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Does cytoskelton help move secretory and endocytic vesciles
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YES
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What are funtions of plasma membrane
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STA PC
Strucure, transport, activation, protection and cell-to-cell interations |
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What does sturcure of plasma membrane function as
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contains cytosol, and cellular organelles, and compartmentalize
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How does plasma membrane protect
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barrier to toic molecules, and foreign organisms
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How are plamsa membranes activated
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hormones, antigens, mitogesn, and growth factors
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Is plasma membrane selectively permeable?
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YES
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Whare 3 types of Lipids that constitue cell membrane
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1. Phospholipis
2. Sphingolipids 3. Cholesterol |
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Are all membrane phospholipids amphipathic
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YES (BOTH hydrophilic and hdrophobic regions)
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What is primary fucntion of smooth ER
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synthesis of lipids
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What lipds does smooth ER synthesis
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triglycerides, phospholipids, and steriods (cholesterol)
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How are lipoproteins formed
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when one of 3 clasess of lipids forms complexes with proteins in the ER lumen
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What are 3 fates of synthesized lipids/lipoproteins
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1. made into tranfer vesicles
2.part of membranes 3. secreted into plasma- |
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Many lipoproteins are secreted into plasma as what
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LDL, adn HDL cholesterol
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Where are phospholipids sythezised in
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the membrane of SMOOTH ER
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What are 2 types of movement of phospholipds within the membrane
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lateral diffusion and "flip flop"
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Which is the fast movement of phospholipids within the membrane
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lateral
flip flop is slow |
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What does cholesterol do to bilayer
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stablized bilayer
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The membranes are composed of phopholipids and what is 2nd major component
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proteins
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What are 2 types of membrane proteins
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intrinsic (partially or completely penetrate membrane)
extrinsic (surface) |
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Membrane proteisn are anchored within the lipid bilayer bt nonpolar semgents having
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helical secondary strucutre
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Why are instrinsic proteins amphipatic?
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hydrophoic regions within the lipid bilayer, adn hydrophilic outside of bilayer
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What are different functional classes of MEMBRANE proteins
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RR C TJ
Receptors, recognition proteins, transport proteins, juctional proteins,cytoskeletal anchors |
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What are recognition proteins function
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allow immune system to distinguish cancer cells and forein from NORMAL cells (histocompatiblity)
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What are junctional proteins
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forms links between adjacent cells (tight juntions, gap junctions)
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What is function of proteins with cytoskelaton
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proteins can act as an anchor for cytoskeketon
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What is most of nuerons composed of
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myelin (lipids)
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What is most of mitrochonrdia makes of
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proteins (highes one)
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The outer mitochondria membrane is permeable, why inst the inner mitorchondrial membrane permeable
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ATP synthase and ETC
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What does the maxtrix of mitrocondria contain
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CAC, beta oxidation
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What are 4 major gradients that dtermine movement of a substance through a plasma membrane
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1. Pressure gradients
2. Conc. gradients 3. Voltage gradients 4. Osmotic gradients |
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Can the 4 major gradient act separately or in combination to move substances
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YES
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When does a gradient require ENERGY
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ONLY movment AGAINST a gradient
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Do movements against gradient occur
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YES
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What is a pressure gradient
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flow (fluids and AIR)always goes form a place of high pressure to a place of lower pressure
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Is flow proportional to pressure differance
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YES
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What 3 things contribute to RESISTANCE to FLOW
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Diameter of tube, the length, and VISCOSOITY
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How is flow related to resistance
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inversly--the greater the resistance, the LOWER the flow
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Voltage gradient are AKA
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electrical gradients
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What creates electrical gradients
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the number of + or - charged ions on either side of cell
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What is the physiological gradient of our cells
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inside of our cells NEGATIVE
outside positive |
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Since plasma membrane is selectively permerable how do ions cross
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thorough ion channels (cannot diffuse)
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What is ion current
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FLOW of ions across membrane
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What is resistance by ions created by
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created by ion channels
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What is an example of voltage gradients
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ETC
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What are 2 essential compoents for osmosis
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1. concentration gradient
2. semi-permeable membrane |
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What is osmosis
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the flow water across a membrane in response to a solute concentration gradient across the membrane
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What is the water concentration detmerined by
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the numer of solute particles dissolved in the water
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What does water move down
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ITS concentration gradient
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What does osmotic concentration describe
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the concentration of solute that causes osmosis to occur
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What is isotonic solution
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same osmolarities
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What is hyperosmotic solution
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has higher osmotic (SOLUTE)concentration than another
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What is HYPOSMOTIC solution
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lower osmotic (solute) concentration than another
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What does water always try to do
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dilute
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Water always moves from
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LOWER osmotic pressure--to higer osmotic pressure (lower osmotic pressure
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Why does water always move from a LOWER osmotic pressure
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less solute (MORE WATER), and goes to HIGHER OSMOTIC PRESSURE (MORE SOLUTES less water)
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WHat does osmolarity compare
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one solution to another
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What does an isotonic solution do a cell
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NOTHING
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What does a hypertonic solution do to a cell
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(hypertonic) concentraed, causes cells to shrink (lose water to hypertonic solution
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What is crenated shaped
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(cell that shrinks)
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WHat is a spherical shape
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cell that swells
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Tonicity refers to solutions containing
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NON-penetrating solutes that causea a cell to shrink or swell
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When a solution containing 300mOs mol/L of solutes regardless of its compositon or membrane penetrating AND non pentrating solutes
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=300 ISOOSMOTIC
>300 HYERPOSMOTIC <300 HYPOOSMOTIC |
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What is a solution contain 300 mOsmol of NON-penetrating solutles regardless of the concentration of other membrane penetrating present
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=300 ISMOTIC
>300 HYPERTONIC <300 HYPOTONIC |
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When does tonicity equal osmolarity
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ONLY if NON-PRENETRATING Solultes are present
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Tonicity DOES NOT equal OSMOLAITY if
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PENETRATING (permeable) solutes are present
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What happens when cell encounter an hypoosmotic enviroment
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causes the cell the swell
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Are there regulatory mechanisms for toncoity and osmolarity
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YES
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What are regulatory mechanisms when a cell SWELLS
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activates processes for EFFLUX outward movement of K+ and CL-
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WHat does does outward EFFLUX cause fo K+ and CL=
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decreases intracellualr osmolarity and water folows OUT of cell and cell volume returns to normal
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What is regulatory mechanism when a cell SHRINKS
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causes INFLUX
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Where is auaporin founds
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protein found in RBC plasma membrane
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What does auquaporin form, and allow
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forms water channels in plasma membrane that allows osmosis
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What are the PRIMARY determinat of blood/ECF osmolarity
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Na+ levels
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What do Na+ levels maintain
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iso-osmotic condition and homeostatis
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What are osmoreceptors
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monitor blod osmolarity and activate NS and hormal systme to regulate osmolarity
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Where are osmorecpetors present
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hypothalmus
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What happens when blood b/c hyperosmolar
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cells shrink, trigger increase thrist and decreases water exretion
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How is hyperosmolar fixed
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conserve water, and increasing water intake reduce blood osmolarity --make normal
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What happens with hypoosmotic blood
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cells swell, decrease thirst, increase water excretion, back to noraml
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