Science Form Reviewer

Front 1

states that organisms were created all at once and in the same form as they are today

Back 1

THEORY OF SPECIAL CREATION

Front 2

Modified True/False

the body and organs of organisms were designed to fully meet the needs of the environment

Back 2

TRUE

Front 3

Modified True/False

the theory of special creation has scientific basis

Back 3

FALSE, BIBLICAL

Front 4

states that living things originated from inanimate objects

Back 4

THEORY OF ADBIOGENESIS OR THEORY OF SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

Front 5

Modified True/False

the theory of adbiogenesis was supported by Aristotle, Epicurus, and Von Helmont

Back 5

TRUE

Front 6

he disapproved the theory of adbiogenesis and made an experiment in 1859 using broth in flasks with long neck

Back 6

LOUIS PASTEUR

Front 7

experiment made by Lazaro Spallanzani

Back 7

OPEN AND SEALED FLASK WITH GRAVY

Front 8

He had an experiment using open and sealed jars in 1668

Back 8

OPEN AND SEALED JARS WITH MEAT

Front 9

states that living things can only arise from living things

Back 9

THEORY OF BIOGENESIS

Front 10

Modified True/False

according to the theory of biogenesis, living things can be spontaneously generated

Back 10

FALSE, NO THEY CANNOT BE SPONTANEOUSLY GENERATED

Front 11

theory proposed by richter in 1865 that states that life traveled between worlds on asteroids and other cosmic bodies

Back 11

THEORY OF PANSPERMIA

Front 12

british astronomers in 2001 who said that interstellar dust and comets contain organic compounds and transported bacterial life throughout the universe

Back 12

a.) FRED HOYLE

b.) CHANDRA WICKRAMASINGHE

Front 13

another name for the theory of adbiogenesis

Back 13

BIOPOESIS

Front 14

3 variations of panspermia

Back 14

a.) LITHOPANSPERMIA

b.) BALLISTIC PANSPERMIA

c.) DIRECTED PANSPERMIA

Front 15

interplanetary panspermia

Back 15

BALLISTIC PANSPERMIA

Front 16

interstellar panspermia

Back 16

LITHOPANSPERMIA

Front 17

theory by Stanley Miller states that life evolved in the oceans during a period when the atmosphere contained, NH3, H2, H2O, CH4, C02

Back 17

THEORY OF BIOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION

Front 18

Modified True/False

earth had an oxygen-rich environment which is an oxidizing agent that prohibits chemical evolution

Back 18

TRUE

Front 19

Modified True/False

the early atmosphere was rich in CH4 and NH3 which are the essential ingredients of the Miller-Urey Experiment

Back 19

FALSE, IT WAS NOT RICH IN CH4 AND NH3

Front 20

states that life began in submarine hydrothermal vents that spew key hydrogen-rich molecules

Back 20

DEEP-SEA HYDROTHERMAL VENT THEORY

Front 21

Modified True/False

rocky nooks concentrated the molecules in the DSHVT but did not provide mineral catalysts

Back 21

FALSE, THEY PROVIDED MINERAL CATALYSTS

Front 22

states that over time, organic materials on earth formed molecules that became complex and started to perform metabolic processes

Back 22

HETEROTROPH THEORY

Front 23

first cells are called

Back 23

HETEROTROPHS

Front 24

they evolved when heterotrophs began releasing CO2

Back 24

PHOTOSYNTHETIC AUTOTROPHS

Front 25

List all characteristics of life

Back 25

SENSITIVITY OR RESPONSE TO STIMULI

MOVEMENT

ADAPTABILITY

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

HOMEOSTASIS

ENERGY PROCESSING

REPRODUCTION

ORGANIZATION/ORDER

Front 26

level of organization of living things

Back 26

ATOM - MOLECULE - CELLS - TISSUES - ORGANELLES - ORGANS - ORGAN SYSTEM - ORGANISMS - POPULATION - COMMUNITY - ECOSYSTEM - BIOSPHERE

Front 27

smallest constituent unit of ordinary matter that has the properties of a chemical element

Back 27

ATOM

Front 28

chemical structure containing atleast 2 atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds

Back 28

MOLECULE

Front 29

biologically important molecules

Back 29

MACROMOLECULES

Front 30

smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms

Back 30

CELLS

Front 31

Modified True/False

all living things are made up of cells

Back 31

TRUE

Front 32

Single cells are called ________

while multiple cells are called _________

Back 32

UNICELLULAR; MULTICELLULAR

Front 33

group of similar cells performing the same or related functions

Back 33

TISSUES

Front 34

tiny organs are called ________

Back 34

ORGANELLES

Front 35

collection of tissues grouped together performing a common function

Back 35

ORGANS

Front 36

Modified True/False

Plants do not have organs, only animals do

Back 36

FALSE, BOTH ANIMALS AND PLANTS HAVE ORGANS

Front 37

functionally related organd

Back 37

ORGAN SYSTEMS

Front 38

Modified True/False

mammals only have one organ system

Back 38

FALSE, MAMMALS HAVE MANY ORGAN SYSTEMS LIKE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMS, ETC.

Front 39

individual living entities

Back 39

ORGANISMS

Front 40

single-celled microorganisms

Back 40

a.) EUKARYOTE

b.) PROKARYOTE

Front 41

all individuals of one species living in a specific area

Back 41

POPULATION

Front 42

all populations living in an area

Back 42

COMMUNITY

Front 43

all living and non living things in a particular area

Back 43

ECOSYSTEM

Front 44

collection of all ecosystems that also represents the zones of life on earth

Back 44

BIOSPHERE

Front 45

3 statements of the cell theory

Back 45

a.) ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE UP OF ONE OR MORE CELLS

b.) CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF ALL ORGANISMS

c.) ALL CELLS COME FROM PRE-EXISTING CELLS

Front 46

all cells have _______, ________, _________, and cytoplasm

Back 46

a.) PLASMA OR CELL MEMBRANE

b.) DNA

c.) RIBOSOMES

Front 47

he was the first one to come up with a compound microscope

Back 47

ZACHARIAS JANSSEN

**OTHE SOURCES: ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK**

Front 48

Modified True/False

Robert Hooke was the father of Microbiology

Back 48

FALSE, ANTON VON LEEUWENHOEK

Front 49

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek discovered which bacteria by looking at his own dental scrapings

Back 49

ANIMALCULES

Front 50

he coined the term "cells" by looking at cork tissues

Back 50

ROBERT HOOKE

Front 51

German botanist that said all plants were made up of cells

Back 51

MATTHIAS SCHLIEDEN

Front 52

he said that all animals were made of cells and that cells form by free-cell formation

Back 52

THEODORE SCHWANN

Front 53

he said that some cells come from pre-existing cells

Back 53

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

Front 54

basic building blocks of all organisms

Back 54

CELL

Front 55

Modified True/False

a molecule is the smallest unit of a living things

Back 55

FALSE, CELL

Front 56

2 types of cells

Back 56

a.) EUKARYOTE

b.) PROKARYOTE

Front 57

simplest type of cell

Back 57

PROKARYOTE

Front 58

Modified True/False

all prokaryotic cells are unicellular

Back 58

TRUE

Front 59

Modified True or False

prokaryotic cells do no have a definite nucleus and that they reproduce using sexual reproduction

Back 59

FALSE, ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION (BINARY FISSION)

Front 60

more complex type of cell that contains organelles and has a true nucleus

Back 60

PROKARYOTE

Front 61

Modified True/False

mostly multicellular, uses sexual reproduction only and is membrane bound

Back 61

a.) TRUE

b.) FALSE, BOTH SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

c.) TRUE

Front 62

Modified True/False

Plant cells have cell walls

Back 62

TRUE

Front 63

what is the shape of an animal cell

Back 63

ROUND AND IRREGULAR

Front 64

what is the shape of a plant cell

Back 64

RECTANGULAR AND FIXED

Front 65

Modified True/False

plants have one large vacuole only

Back 65

TRUE

Front 66

Modified True/False

animal cells do not have chloroplasts

Back 66

TRUE

Front 67

Modified True/False

only plant cells have plastids

Back 67

TRUE

Front 68

Modified True/False

most plant cells do not have lysosomes and cilia

Back 68

TRUE

Front 69

it is a structure that does not have membrane surrounding it therefore it is not considered a nucleus

Back 69

CAVED NUCLEOID

Front 70

it is a flexible boundary between the cell and its environment

Back 70

CELL MEMBRANE/PLASMA MEMBRANE

Front 71

the cell wall helps in maintaining homeostasis inside a cell through what process

Back 71

SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY

Front 72

it controls the passage of organic molecules, ions, water and oxygen into and out of the cell

Back 72

CELL MEMBRANE/PLASMA MEMBRANE

Front 73

rigid covering that protects the plant cell, provide structural support and gives shape to the cell

Back 73

CELL WALL

Front 74

Modified True/False

the cell wall is located outside the cell membrane and is mainly composed of cellulose

Back 74

TRUE

Front 75

it comprises the cytosol and the organelles

Back 75

CYTOPLASM

Front 76

it is the cell's internal sub-structures

Back 76

ORGANELLES

Front 77

gel-like substance enclosed within the cell membrane

Back 77

CYTOSOL

Front 78

most prominent organelle in eukaryotic cells

Back 78

CELL NUCLEUS

Front 79

Modified True/False

the cell membrane houses the DNA and directs the synthesis of the ribosomes and proteins

Back 79

FALSE, CELL NUCLEUS

Front 80

it is the control cell of all cellular functions

Back 80

CELL NUCLEUS

Front 81

it is a distinct structure inside the nucleus where the ribosomes are synthesized

Back 81

NUCLEOLUS

Front 82

these are tiny granular structures that serve as workbenches the produce proteins for the cell

Back 82

RIBOSOMES

Front 83

Modified True/False

ribosomes are fixed around the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

Back 83

FALSE, FLOATING FREE

Front 84

2 types of endoplasmic reticulum

Back 84

a.) ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

b.) SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Front 85

proteins produced in the ribosomes get transported through the ________

Back 85

ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Front 86

Modified True/False

most ribosomes are in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 86

FALSE, ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Front 87

it serves in the transport of large molecules inside the cell

Back 87

SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Front 88

Modified True/False

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum has different functions depending on the cell type but its main function is to help in the synthesis of lipid and steroid hormones

Back 88

TRUE

Front 89

other words for golgi bodies

Back 89

a.) GOLGI APPARATUS

b.) GOLGI COMPLEX

Front 90

Modified True/False

the golgi complex is composed of stack of membranous saccules

Back 90

TRUE

Front 91

Modified True/False

the functions of the golgi complex is to help in intracellular digestion

Back 91

FALSE, PROCESSING, PACKAGING AND DISTRIBUTION OF PROTEINS AND LIPIDS

Front 92

these are membranous vesicles that are commonly found in animal cell that contain digestive enzymes that help in intracellular digestion

Back 92

LYSOSOMES

Front 93

it is composed of membranous sacs which are responsible in storage of various substances in the cell

Back 93

VACUOLE

Front 94

it stores nutrients and waste products and act like lysosomes (digestive enzymes) in plant cells only

Back 94

CENTRAL VACUOLE

Front 95

these are small, round organelles enclosed by single membranes that carry out oxidation reactions to break down fatty acids and amino acids and to detoxify poisons that enter the body

Back 95

PEROXISOME

Front 96

Modified True/False

Peroxisome produces hydrogen peroxide

Back 96

FALSE, IT PROTECTS THE BODY FROM PRODUCING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE

Front 97

it is a microtubule- organizing center found near the nuclei of animal cells

Back 97

CENTROSOME

Front 98

Modified True/False

the centrosome contains a pair of centrioles that lie parallel to each other

Back 98

FALSE, PERPERNDICULAR

Front 99

each centriole is a cylinder of 7 triplets of microtubules

Back 99

FALSE, 9

Front 100

Modified True/False

Cellular processes do not need a steady supply of energe

Back 100

FALSE, IT NEEDS ENERGY

Front 101

it is the study of energy flow within living systems

Back 101

BIOGENETICS

Front 102

Modified True/False

the cell can make energy

Back 102

FALSE, IT GETS ENERGY FROM ITS ENVIRONMENT

Front 103

producers undergo ______ to get energy

consumers undergo ______ to get energy

decomposers undergo _______ to get energy

Back 103

a.) PHOTOSYNTHESIS

b.) CELLULAR RESPIRATION

c.) RECYCLING NUTRIENTS

Front 104

it is the energy currency of life and the high-energy molecule that stores the energy we need to work

Back 104

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE (ATP)

Front 105

this process converts solar energy into chemical energy stored in sugar molecules (glucose)

Back 105

PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Front 106

what gas does photosynthesis release that is essential to the survival of humans and animals

Back 106

OXYGEN

Front 107

photosynthesis requires ______ (3)

Back 107

a.) WATER

b.) CARBON DIOXIDE

c.) SUNLIGHT

Front 108

Modified True/False

photosynthesis takes place in the plant leaves that contain many cell layers

Back 108

TRUE

Front 109

Modified True/False

the most used pigments (ligh-absorbing molecules) are chloropyll a, chlorophyll b, and mesophyll

Back 109

FALSE, CHLOROPHYLL A, CHLOROPHYLL B AND CAROTENOIDS

Front 110

what structure carries our potosynthesis

Back 110

CHLOROPLAST

Front 111

the middle layer of the leaf where photosynthesis occurs

Back 111

MESOPHYLL

Front 112

the tiny opening in the leaves where the gases pass through

Back 112

STOMATA

Front 113

Modified True/False

mesophyll tissues are made up of parenchyma cells that contain the chloroplast

Back 113

TRUE

Front 114

Modified True/False

chloroplasts have inner membrane only

Back 114

FALSE, CHLOROPLASTS HAVE BOTH INNER AND OUTER MEMBRANE

Front 115

tiny disc-shaped structures in chloroplasts

Back 115

THYLAKOIDS

Front 116

a stack of thylakoid

Back 116

GRANUM

Front 117

space that surrounds the granum

Back 117

STROMA

Front 118

green pigment molecules embedded inside thylakoids

Back 118

CHLOROPHYLL OR LUMEN

Front 119

in the light dependent reaction, why does H+ buildup in the thylakoid space?

Back 119

BECAUSE IT IS A CONCENTRATION GRADIENT

Front 120

Modified True/False

the build up of H+ in the thylakoid space allows the potential energy to be harvested and stored as chemical energy

Back 120

TRUE

Front 121

the transmembrane enzyme where H+ passes through

Back 121

ATP SYNTHASE

Front 122

movement of H+ through the ATP synthase

Back 122

CHEMIOSMOSIS

Front 123

3 molecules of C02 enter the leaves through the stomata - C02(s) will diffuse into the stroma of the chloroplast - rubisco will catalyze the reaction - rubisco will combine each CO2 with a molecule of 5 Carbon sugar molecule called RuBP - 1 CO2 + RUBP = unstable 6 carbon compound - 6 carbon compund breaks into 2 pcs of 3 carbon compounds (PGA) (carbon fixation) - 3 molecules of CO2 forms 6 molecules of PGA - PGA undergoes reduction - ATP will transfer energy to PGA - formation of one pc of 3 BPGs - 6 molecules of PGA becomes 6 molecules of BPG - BPG undergoes reduction by NADPH - NADPH becomes NADP+ - BPG forms G3P - some G3P produced are restored; rest is used in the next phase - G3P gets converted to form RUBP molecules with the help of 3 ATP(s) - restart - G3P produced are used to synthesize other important organic molecules (fructose, sucrose, starch)

Back 123

LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION

Front 124

where does light dependent stage occur?

Back 124

THYLAKOID MEMBRANE OF THE CHLOROPLAST

Front 125

water + sunlight to produce _______ and _________

Back 125

a.) CHEMICAL ENERGY

b.) OXYGEN

Front 126

occurs in the stomata of the cholorplast

Back 126

LIGHT INDEPENDENT STAGE

Front 127

Modified True/False

light independent stage is a series of enzymatic reactions that reduce C02 into carbon

Back 127

FALSE, CARBOHYDRATE

Front 128

group of pigments and proteins located in the thylakoid membranes

Back 128

PHOTOSYSTEMS

Front 129

packet of life absorbed by the pigment molecule in the photosystems

Back 129

PHOTONS

Front 130

pigment molecules absorb photons - photon hits a molecule of chlorophyll in photosystem 2 - molecule gets excited - molecule releases energized electron - energy travels along ETC - hydrogen ions get pumped into the thylakoid space - electron (from photosystem 2-ETC) reaches photosystem 1 - re-excited by another photon captured by the chlorophyll - energy carried by the electrons fuels the formation of NADPH from NADP+ plus Hydrogen ions (H+) - H+ builds up in the thylakoid space - passes through ATP Synthase - the energy contained in the H+ is used to bind with ADP with a phosphate group- formation of ATP - ATP and NADPH produced in LDR gets used in the calvin cycle

Back 130

LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION

Front 131

enzyme that catalyzes the reaction and combines each CO2 with a molecule of 5 carbon sugar molecule

Back 131

RIBULOSE BIOPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE (RUBISCO)

Front 132

5 carbon sugar molecule

Back 132

RIBULOSE BIOPHOSPHATE (RUBP)

Front 133

process called carbon fization where 2 pcs of 3 carbon compound that was originally an unstable 6-carbon compund

Back 133

PHOSPHOGLYCERIC ACID

Front 134

a process where a molecule accepts an electron and gains energy

Back 134

REDUCTION

Front 135

BPG

Back 135

BIOPHOSPHOGLYCERATE

Front 136

G3P

Back 136

GLYCERALDEHYDE - 3 - PHOSPHATE

Front 137

requires O2 to produce energy

Back 137

CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Front 138

glucose get oxidized into CO2 and O2 gets reduced into H20

Back 138

REDOX REACTION

Front 139

2 types/ pathways

Back 139

a.) AEROBIC

b.) ANAEROBIC

Front 140

Modified True/False

anaerobic pathway is also called cellular respiration

Back 140

AEROBIC PATHWAY

Front 141

3 stages of aerobic pathway

Back 141

1.) GLYCOLYSIS

2.) KREB'S CYCLE

3.) ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Front 142

another term for electron transport chain

Back 142

OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION

Front 143

a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that do not need oxygen in the cytosol (cytoplasm)

Back 143

GLYCOLYSIS

Front 144

6 Carbon molecule (glucose) - add 2 ATP - 2 ATPs become 2 ADPs - fructose diphosphat breaks the 6C molecule into 2 pc 3C molecules (G3P) - phosphate group gets add into each G3P - (processes from now on are the same for the 2 G3P) - add NAD+ - NAD+ becomes NADH - add 2 ADP - 2 ADPs becomes 2 ATPs - 3C molecule called pyruvates

Back 144

GLYCOLYSIS

Front 145

what happens to the pyruvate after glycolysis?

Back 145

WATER IS ADDED TO IT AND IT LEAVES THE CYTOPLASM AND ENTERS THE MITOCHONDRION

Front 146

how much electrons do you gain from glycolysis (net gain)

Back 146

2 ELECTRONS

Front 147

glucose + 2 ATP + 2 NAD+ ----> 4 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 pyruvate + 2 H2O

Back 147

MOLECULES USED AND GAINED IN GLYCOLYSIS

Front 148

a series of enzyme-controlled reactions to convert kinetic energy present in H+ to energy (ATP)

Back 148

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Front 149

Modified True/False

the electron transport chain occurs in the outer mitochondrial membrane (cristae)

Back 149

FALSE, INNER

Front 150

Modified True/False

ETC produces 36-38 ATPs

Back 150

FALSE, 32-34

Front 151

2 electrons from NADH goes to NADH dehydrogenase - pumps 2 H+ per electron into the intermembrane space - FADH goes directly to ubiquinone - 2 H+ ions per FADH2 pumped - another 2 H+ ions per electron of NADH pumped - electrons go through cytochrome oxidase - 4 electrons used to combine O2 and 4 H+ ions - 2 pcs of H2O formed - build up of H+ ions in the intermembrane space creates a concentarion gradient - cell pumps H+ back into the mitochondrial matrix - protein ATP synthase harnesses energy - prodction of ATP

Back 151

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

Front 152

first protein in ETC

Back 152

NADH DEHYDROGENASE

Front 153

second protein in ETC

Back 153

UBIQUINONE

Front 154

third protein in ETC

Back 154

CYTOCHROME OXIDASE

Front 155

every NADH makes how many ATPs

Back 155

3

Front 156

every FADH2 makes how many ATPs

Back 156

2

Front 157

total ATP yield

Back 157

40

Front 158

total net ATP

Back 158

40 ATPs - 2 ATPs USED IN GLYCOLYSIS = 38 ATPs

Front 159

how many ATPs are there in eukaryotic cells

Back 159

36 ATPs ONLY

Front 160

used to supply body with immediate energy source

Back 160

ANAEROBIC PATHWAY

Front 161

6 Carbon molecule (glucose) - add 2 ATP - 2 ATPs become 2 ADPs - fructose diphosphat breaks the 6C molecule into 2 pc 3C molecules (G3P) - phosphate group gets add into each G3P - (processes from now on are the same for the 2 G3P) - add NAD+ - NAD+ becomes NADH - add 2 ADP - 2 ADPs becomes 2 ATPs - 3C molecule called pyruvates - lactic acid fermentation - production of lactic acid

Back 161

LACTIC ACID

Front 162

6 Carbon molecule (glucose) - add 2 ATP - 2 ATPs become 2 ADPs - fructose diphosphat breaks the 6C molecule into 2 pc 3C molecules (G3P) - phosphate group gets add into each G3P - (processes from now on are the same for the 2 G3P) - add NAD+ - NAD+ becomes NADH - add 2 ADP - 2 ADPs becomes 2 ATPs - 3C molecule called pyruvates - alcoholic fermentation - production of ethyl alcohol

Back 162

ETHANOL

Front 163

Modified True/False

ethanol fermentation that occurs mostly in animal cells

Back 163

FALSE, LACTIC ACID

Front 164

Modified True/False

ethanol fermentation occurs mostly in yeast

Back 164

TRUE

Front 165

Modified True/False

in anaerobic pathway, energy production is sped up by enzymes in the absence of oxygen

Back 165

TRUE

Front 166

net production of ATPs in anaerobic pathway

Back 166

2 ATPs

Front 167

Level of Organization of Life

Back 167

BONE CELL - BONE TISSUE - BONE (ORGANS)

Front 168

grow, mature and undergo differentiation in multi-cellular animals

Back 168

CELLS

Front 169

branch of biology that focuses on the study of plants and animal tissues

Back 169

HISTOLOGY

Front 170

4 types of tissues

Back 170

a.) EPITHELIAL

b.) CONNECTIVE

c.) MUSCULAR

d.) NERVOUS

Front 171

tissues that line the cavities and surfaces if blood vessels and organs throughout the body

Back 171

EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Front 172

Modified True/False

epithelial tissues serves for secretion, selective absorption and transcellular transport, sensing and protecting

Back 172

TRUE

Front 173

Modified True/False

muscular tissues serve in supporting, insulating, transporting, connecting other tissues and separate

Back 173

FALSE, CONNECTIVE

Front 174

types of connective tissues

Back 174

a.) BONES

b.) CARTILAGES

c.) LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUES

d.) FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUES

e.) BLOOD

f.) ADIPOSE TISSUES

Front 175

soft tissues that compresses muscles in animal bodies and gives rise to muscles' ability to contract

Back 175

MUSCULAR TISSUES

Front 176

types of muscular tissues

Back 176

a.) SKELETAL

b.) SMOOTH

c.) CARDIAC

Front 177

epithelial tissues serve in movement, support maintaining posture and contractility of hollow organs

Back 177

FALSE, MUSCULAR

Front 178

tissues found in brain, spinal cord and nerves

Back 178

NERVOUS TISSUES

Front 179

2 types of cells in nervous tissues

Back 179

a.) GLIAL CELLS

b.) NEURONS

Front 180

Modified True/False

nervous tissues serve in coordinating, controlling, transmitting and receiving external and internal stimuli

Back 180

TRUE

Front 181

outer covering that protects an animal's body

Back 181

INTEGUMENT

Front 182

Modified True/False

skin, nails, hairs, scales, and feathers are all major structures of integumentary system

Back 182

TRUE

Front 183

functions of integumentary system

Back 183

a.) COVERS AN ORGANISM

b.) PROVIDES STRUCTURE

c.) PROTECTS AGAINST INJURY, INFECTION AND FLUID LOSS

Front 184

an intracellular fibrous protein that gives ais, nails and skin their water-resistant and hardness properties

Back 184

KERATIN

Front 185

firm framework of most animals

Back 185

SKELETON

Front 186

composed of bones

Back 186

SKELETAL SYSTEM

Front 187

3 basic types of skeleton

Back 187

a.) ENDOSKELETON

b.) EXOSKELETON

c.) HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

Front 188

bones inside a human body

Back 188

ENDOSKELETON

Front 189

outer covering of a snail

Back 189

EXOSKELETON

Front 190

water pressure inside an earthworm

Back 190

HYDROSTATIC SKELETON

Front 191

allows movement and locomotion

Back 191

MUSCLES

Front 192

Modified True/False

Musles can either be open and closed

Back 192

FALSE, VOLUNTARY OR INVOLUNTARY

Front 193

skeletal and muscle pairs

Back 193

FLEXOR-EXTENSOR PAIRS

Front 194

Modified True/False

all animals are heterotrophic, they consume other organisms for sustenance and nutrition

Back 194

TRUE

Front 195

food intake and process of food conversion

Back 195

NUTRITION

Front 196

intake of food into the body

Back 196

INGESTION

Front 197

types of animals based on how they get their food

Back 197

a.) BULK FEEDER

b.) SUSPENSION FEEDER

c.) FLUID FEEDER

d.) SUBSTRATE FEEDER

Front 198

mechanical and chemical breaking down of the ingested food molecules chemically or physically

Back 198

DIGESTION

Front 199

process in the small intestines where digestive food materials are taken by the cells and are converted into new protoplasm to provide energy

Back 199

ABSORPTION

Front 200

passing of material that were not absorbed in the large intestine out of the body

Back 200

ELIMINATION

Front 201

composed of undigested food

Back 201

FECES

Front 202

undigested food

Back 202

ROUGHAGE

Front 203

system that distributes nutrients and gases and removes unwanted substance in every cell of the body

Back 203

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Front 204

2 types of circulatory system

Back 204

a.) OPEN-ENDED

b.) CLOSED

Front 205

components of circulatory system

Back 205

a.) BLOOD

b.) BLOOD VESSELS

c.) HEART

d.) LYMPH

e.) LYMPH NODES

Front 206

3 types of blood vessels

Back 206

a.) ARTERIES

b.) CAPILLARIES

c.) VEINS

Front 207

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Back 207

VEINS

Front 208

blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Back 208

ARTERIES

Front 209

sites of nutrient and waste exchange between the blood and the body cells

Back 209

CAPILLARIES

Front 210

system mainly composed of white blood cells, lymph nodes, and various vessels that fight off pathogens and other disease-carrying microbes

Back 210

IMMUNE SYSTEM OR LYMPHATIC

Front 211

small, bean-shaped structure that produce and store cells that fight infection and diseases

Back 211

LYMPH NODES

Front 212

contains white blood cells that help control the amount of blood in the body and disposes damaged blood cells

Back 212

SPLEEN

Front 213

2 types of lymphocytes or white blood cells

Back 213

a.) B-CELLS

b.) T-CELLS

Front 214

spongy yellow tissues inside bones tat produces white blood cells

Back 214

BONE MARROW

Front 215

organ that lied behind the breast-bone where t-cells mature

Back 215

THYMUS

Front 216

coordinated processes to fight off foreign infetcions

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IMMUNE RESPONSE

Front 217

target and kill cells that may ave either become infected or cancerous

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T-CELLS

Front 218

prodce proteins called antibodies that can hijack invaders as they travel in the blood

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B-CELLS

Front 219

the body gets oxygen and releases CO2 through the mouth, nose, trachea and lungs

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RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Front 220

act of taking oxygen and releasing CO2

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BREATHING

Front 221

4 types of gas exchange

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a.) INTEGUMENTARY

b.) GILLS EXCHANGE

c.) TRACHEAL SYSTEM

d.) LUNGS EXCANGE

Front 222

Modified True/False

Respiration is divided into 3 phases, namely breathing, distribution and absorption

Back 222

TRUE

Front 223

collection of glands that produce hormones to help regulate the internal activities of our body like metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction and sleep and mood

Back 223

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Front 224

controls the pituitary gland

Back 224

HYPOTHALAMUS

Front 225

regulates many other endocrine systems

Back 225

PITUITARY GLAND

Front 226

releases parathyroid hormones that regulates the level of calcium in blood

Back 226

PARATHYROID GLAND

Front 227

during childhood, it releases thymosin that stimulates t-cell development

Back 227

THYMUS

Front 228

releases epinephrine and non-epinephrine to help the body deal with stress

Back 228

ADRENAL GLANDS

Front 229

releases melatonin that is involved in rhythmic activities like daily seep-wake cycles

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PINEAL GLAND

Front 230

produces thyroxine that regulate metabolism

Back 230

THYROID

Front 231

produces insulin and glucagon that regulate the level of glucose in the blood

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PANCREAS

Front 232

produces estrogen and progesterone

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OVARY

Front 233

required for the development of secondary sex characteristics and for the development of eggs

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ESTROGEN

Front 234

prepares the uterus for a fertilized egg

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ESTROGEN

Front 235

produces testosterone for sperm production and development of secondary sex caracteristics

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TESTIS

Front 236

complex collection of nerves and neurons that transmit signal between different parts of the body to regulate most bodily activities

Back 236

NERVOUS SYSTEM

Front 237

2 components of nervous system structurally

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a.) CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

b.) PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

Front 238

2 main subdivisions of nervous system functionally

Back 238

a.) SOMATIC COMPONENT

b.) AUTONOMIC COMPONENT

Front 239

removal of metabollic waste out of the body

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EXCRETION

Front 240

excretory organ for insects

Back 240

MALPHIGIAN TUBULES

Front 241

important for survival of a species

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REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM