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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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a simple lifting machine consisting of a rope that unwinds from a wheel onto a cylindrical drum or shaft joined to the wheel to provide mechanical advantage. MA= the ratio of the radii. |
wheel and axle |
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a wheel with a grooved rim around which a cord passes. It acts to change the direction of a force applied to the cord and is chiefly used (typically in combination) to raise heavy weights. MA= How many there are. |
Pulley |
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a sloping ramp up which heavy loads can be raised by ropes or chains. MA= the ratio of an input force to an output force. |
Inclined Plane |
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a piece of wood, metal, or some other material having one thick end and tapering to a thin edge, that is driven between two objects or parts of an object to secure or separate them. MA= is given by the ratio of the length of its slope to its width. |
Wedge |
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a short, slender, sharp-pointed metal pin with a raised helical thread running around it and a slotted head, used to join things together by being rotated so that it pierces wood or other material and is held tightly in place. MA= When a screw is turned once, it advances by the distance between adjacent screw threads. This distance is commonly called the "pitch" of the thread |
Screw |
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the ratio of the force produced by a machine to the force applied to it, used in assessing the performance of a machine. |
Mechanical Advantage |
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the point on which a lever rests or is supported and on which it pivots. |
Fulcrum |
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the attempt to prevent something |
Resistance |
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a vigorous or determined attempt. |
Effort |
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Fulcrum in the middle: the effort is applied on one side of the fulcrum and the resistance (or load) on the other side, for example, a seesaw, a crowbar or a pair of scissors. |
1st Class Lever |
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The effort is applied to the handles, the axle of the wheel acts as the fulcrum or pivot point, and the load is found in the middle. like a wheel barrel. |
2nd Class Lever |
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the input force is in between the output force and the fulcrum. |
3rd Class Lever |
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a branch of science (as biology and medicine) that deals with living organisms and life processes—usually used in plural. |
Life Science |
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the study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains. |
Archaeology |
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an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest. |
Artifacts |
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the science that deals with the earth's physical structure and substance, its history, and the processes that act on it. |
Geology |
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the branch of science concerned with fossil animals and plants. |
Paleontology |
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It measures whether several items that propose to measure the same general construct produce similar scores. (This is the first test) |
Internal test |
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This test see whether or not the document contradicts other known historical facts. (second test) |
External Test |
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This tests sees whether or not the document has direct eyewitness accounts or secondhand eyewitness accounts. |
Bibliographic Test |
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The benefit of the doubt is to be given to the document itself, not assigned by the critic to himself. |
Aristotle's dictum |
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are those trade, transport and official documents that either support specific statements made in the goods declaration, such as the commercial invoice , the transport document or the certificate of origin, or that have to be submitted as proof of specific import/export conditions being met . |
Supportig Documents |
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When the artifact has the date written on it. |
Known Age |
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is the scientific method of dating tree rings to the exact year they were formed in order to analyze atmospheric conditions during different periods in history |
Dentrochronology |
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a technique used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactiveimpurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed. |
Radiometric Dating |
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is the true age of a rock or fossil. It tells scientists the number of years ago a rock layer formed. |
Absolute Age |
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for all linear systems, the net response at a given place and time caused by two or more stimuli is the sum of the responses which would have been caused by each stimulus individually. |
The Principle of Superposition |
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The theory that earth's geological features were formed over large scale catastrophes such as tornadoes, volcano eruptions, etc. |
Catastrophism |
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The Theory that all of earth's geological features were formed over millions and billions of years. |
Uniformantarianism |
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the upper layer of earth in which plants grow, a black or dark brown material typically consisting of a mixture of organic remains, clay, and rock particles. |
Soil |
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The main 5 types of soil. |
Top Soil, Clay, Sand, Silt, & Gravel. |
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one of the three main rock groups. |
Sedimentary Rock |
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is formed when magma cools and solidifies, it may do this above or below the Earth's surface. Magma can be forced into rocks, blown out in volcanic explosions or forced to the surface as lava. The atoms and molecules of melted minerals are what make up magma. |
Igneous Rock |
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It is one of the three main types of rocks, it is formed by pressure or by heat. |
Metamorphic Rock |
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a solid inorganic substance of natural occurrence. |
Minerals |
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The layers or levels in a rock. |
Strata |
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the technique of manufacturing a material in multiple layers, so that the composite material achieves improved strength, stability, sound insulation, appearance or other properties from the use of differing materials. |
Lamination |
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a thin layer, plate, or scale of sedimentary rock, organic tissue, or other material. |
Laminae |
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wear away or change the appearance or texture of (something) by long exposure to the air. |
Weathering |
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a term used in science that refers to the geological process of rocks breaking apart without changing their chemical composition. Over time, movements of the Earth and environment can break apart rock formations |
Physical Weathering |
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the erosion or disintegration of rocks, building materials, etc., caused by chemical reactions (chiefly with water and substances dissolved in it) rather than by mechanical processes. |
Chemical Weathering |
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the process of eroding or being eroded by wind, water, or other natural agents. |
Erosion |
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a tapering structure hanging like an icicle from the roof of a cave, formed of calcium salts deposited by dripping water. |
Stalactite |
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a mound or tapering column rising from the floor of a cave, formed of calcium salts deposited by dripping water and often uniting with a stalactite. |
Stalagmite |
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When a stalactite and stalagmite join to make a tall structure tat reaches from the floor to the ceiling. |
Column/Pillar |
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a surface of contact between two groups of unconformable strata. |
Unconformity |
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an unconformity where horizontally parallel strata of sedimentary rock are deposited on tilted and eroded layers, producing an angular discordance with the overlying horizontal layers. |
Angular Unconformity |
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a break in a sedimentary sequence that does not involve a difference of inclination between the strata on each side of the break. |
Disconformity |
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exists between sedimentary rocks and metamorphic or igneous rocks when the sedimentary rock lies above and was deposited on the pre-existing and eroded metamorphic or igneous rock. |
Nonconformity |
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is a type of unconformity in which strata are parallel; there is no apparent erosion and the unconformity surface resembles a simple bedding plane. It is also called nondepositional unconformity or pseudoconformity. |
Paraconformity |
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the action or process of forcing a body of igneous rock between or through existing formations, without reaching the surface. |
Intrusion |
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the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. |
Fossils |
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Organisms buried in sediment may decay or dissolve away leaving a cavity or mold. If the space is subsequently filled with sediment, an external cast can be made. |
Mold and Cast |
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the process by which organic material becomes a fossil through the replacement of the original material and the filling of the original pore spaces with minerals. |
Petrifaction |
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the process by which organic matter exposed to minerals over a long period is turned into a stony substance. |
Petrification |
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convert into carbon, typically by heating or burning, or during fossilization. |
Carbonization |
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a sticky flammable organic substance, insoluble in water, exuded by some trees and other plants (notably fir and pine). |
Resin |
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A term used by paleontologists to refer to the total number of fossils that have been discovered, as well as to the information derived from them. |
Fossil records |
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Organisms that have passed away forever. |
Extinct |
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fossils used to define and identify geologic periods. |
Fossil Index |
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he theoretical classification system for the layers of rocks and fossils that make up the Earth's crust. |
Geological Column |
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the process by which organisms change over time as a result of changes in heritable physical or behavioral traits. |
Theory Of Evolution |
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an active stratovolcano located in Skamania County, Washington, in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is 96 miles south of Seattle, Washington, and 50 miles northeast of Portland, Oregon. |
Mount St. Helens |
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stratigraphically and geographically constrained bed that contains more than one individual. Occasionally, bone beds contain hundreds of dinosaurs. |
Fossil Graveyards |
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a now rare order of fish that includes two extant species in the genus Latimeria: the West Indian Ocean coelacanth primarily found near the Comoro Islands off the east coast of Africa and the Indonesian coelacanth. they were thought to be extinct for a long time. |
Coelacanth |
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A creature that is half something and half something. |
Intermediate Link |
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People who belive that God created new forms of life gradually over a period of hundreds of millions of years. |
Progressive Creationists |
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a living species of organism that closely resembles species otherwise known only from the Fossil Record. |
living fossils |
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Studied the heavens and tried to develop a unifying theme that would explain the movements of the stars.
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Thales |
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He was a student of Thales.
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Anaximander |
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He was either a friend or student of Anaximander. |
Anaximenes |
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He discovered atoms |
Leucippus |
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Called the father of the life sciences. He studied living things, and he was the first to attempt at the classification of animals. |
Aristotle |
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He studied mathematics. He was one of the first scientists to demonstrate how closely mathematics and science is linked. |
Archimedies |
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He studied the heavens and was one the first to attempt a complete description of the planets and stars. |
Prolemy |
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He studied the laws of motion. |
Robert Grosseteste |
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He studied science and proved that a diamond could not be broken by goat's blood. |
Roger Bacon |
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He studied mathematics and concentrated on understanding motion. |
Thomas Bradwardine |
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He studied the plants and stars. He was the first to break from Ptolemy's geocentric view.
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Nicholas of cusa |
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Belived that Ptolemy's view of the universe was wrong. Copernicus thought that the sun was in the middle of the universe. |
Nicolaus Copernicus
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He studied the human body and wrote a book about the human body. |
Vesalius |
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He studied the heavens hoping his observations would bring glory to God.
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Kepler |
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He studied the heaven and is thought to be the inventor of the telescope. |
Galileo Galilee |
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He was a brilliant philosopher, mathematician, and scientist.
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Pascal |
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he studied the Bible and wrote lots of books about the Bible. |
Isaac Newton |
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He studied gases. |
Boyle |
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He studied the stars and invented the telescope.
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Leeuwenhoek |
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He studied living creatures and made a book on the classification of living animals. |
Linnaeus |
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He studied chemical reaction. |
Lavoisier |
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He studied the diversity of life that exists on earth. |
Charles Darwin |
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He developed a process called pasteurization. |
Louis Pasteur |
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He broke with the scientific view. |
Charles Lyell |
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He was a monk and he studied genetics. |
Gregor Mendel |
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Like matter, energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only change forms. |
James Joule |
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Much like matter exists in tiny packets called atoms, energy exists in tiny packets called quanta. |
Max Planck |
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He made the theory of relativity. |
Albert Einstein |
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MA of a lever |
MA = (Distance from from fulcrum to effort) ÷ (distance from fulcrum to resistance) |
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MA of a wheel and axle |
MA = (Diameter of wheel) ÷ (Diameter of axle) |
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MA of a pully |
MA = Number of pulleys |
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MA of an Inclined Plane |
MA = (Length of slope) ÷ (Height) |
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MA of a screw |
MA = (Circumference ) ÷ (Pitch) |
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Big Ideas |
Beliefs Influence Ideas Present is the key to the past. In the absence of air, all objects, regardless of weight or shape, fall at the same rate. Science can not be proven. |
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Scientific Method |
a method of procedure that has characterized natural science since the 17th century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses
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