Science Final Review Ch. 8-15

Front 1

what is the study of how things interact with each other and with their environment?

Back 1

ecology

Front 2

how does energy enter most ecosytems?

Back 2

sunlight

Front 3

what are factories where crude oil is seperated into fuels and other products?

Back 3

refineries

Front 4

what do almost all minerals have?

Back 4

crystal structure

Front 5

what are igneous rocks that form when lava cools on the surface called?

Back 5

extrusive

Front 6

what is a fold in rock that bends upward into an arch called?

Back 6

anticline

Front 7

what is a lake that stores water for humans use?

Back 7

reservoir

Front 8

where does most pollution in the atmosphere come from?

Back 8

burning fossil fuels

Front 9

what is the total energy of motion in the molecules of a substance called?

Back 9

thermal energy

Front 10

what are the doldrums characterized by?

Back 10

weak winds

Front 11

what do small lines at hte end of a shaft represent on a weather map?

Back 11

wind speed

Front 12

how often does an El Nino typically occur?

Back 12

2-7 years

Front 13

what is the place where an organism lives that provides the things the organism needs?

Back 13

habitat

Front 14

what is the major way in which new individuals are added to a population?

Back 14

the birth of offspring

Front 15

what is a waste product of respiration that producers take in during photosynthesis?

Back 15

carbon dioxide

Front 16

what part of Earth's layer is the uppermost part of the mantle?

Back 16

lithosphere

Front 17

what process forms metamorphic rock?

Back 17

heat and pressure beneath Earth's surface

Front 18

what is the long tube in the ground that connects the magma chamber to Earth's surface?

Back 18

pipe

Front 19

who do few organisms live on the bottom of deep lakes?

Back 19

sunlight cannot prenetrate to the bottom o a deep lake

Front 20

when water combines with _______, acid rain may form.

Back 20

sulfur oxides

Front 21

where does most of the heating of the troposphere come from?

Back 21

convection

Front 22

where are the horse latitudes located?

Back 22

about 30 degrees north and south altitudes

Front 23

what, usually, is the most dangerous aspect of a snowstorm/

Back 23

high winds

Front 24

what does a cloud cover symbol that is three fourths black and one fourth white represent?

Back 24

70-80% cloud cover

Front 25

what are places on a weather map that have the same temperature connected by?

Back 25

isotherms

Front 26

what are the nonliving parts of an ecosystem?

Back 26

abiotic factors

Front 27

how are herbivores and carnivores alike?

Back 27

both are consumers

Front 28

wind energy is actually an indirect form of _________.

Back 28

solar energy

Front 29

by using seismic waves what have geologists inferred about Earth?

Back 29

its composition and structure

Front 30

scientists think that plate motion is the result of the movement of material in Earth's ____________.

Back 30

upper mantle

Front 31

what is any change in the volume or shape of Earth's crust?

Back 31

deformation

Front 32

what is the huge hole left by the collapse of a volcanic mountain?

Back 32

caldera

Front 33

a natural source of air pollution is ____________.

Back 33

wind blowing pollen

Front 34

what are instruments used to measure air pressure?

Back 34

barometers

Front 35

why do land breezes occur? Because land ________.

Back 35

cools off faster than water

Front 36

about how many tornadoes occur in the U.S. each year?

Back 36

800

Front 37

what is an abiotic factor that affects a plant's ability to meet its energy needs?

Back 37

sunlight

Front 38

what would cause a population to decrease in size?

Back 38

the birth rate is less than the death rate

Front 39

an example of a biomass fuel is _____.

Back 39

wood

Front 40

an example of energy conservation would be to _______________.

Back 40

recycling aluminum soda cans

Front 41

what is a mineral that is valued for its beautiful color, hardness and glassy luster

Back 41

gemstone

Front 42

what is the point beneath Earth's surface where rock breaks under stress and triggers and earthquake?

Back 42

focus

Front 43

where is most of Earth's freshwater found?

Back 43

huge masses of ice near the N & S poles

Front 44

one effect that sunlight has on abiotic parts of a wetland ecosystem is ____________.

Back 44

it drives the water cycle

Front 45

weather occurs in what layer of our atmosphere?

Back 45

troposphere

Front 46

what happens to temperature and relative humidity when an air mass rises up a mountainside?

Back 46

temperature decrease and relative humidity increase

Front 47

water from sources that have been flooded should be ______________.

Back 47

boiled before drinking

Front 48

algae and plants use the abiotic factors sunlight carbon dioxide and ________ to carry out photosynethesis.

Back 48

water

Front 49

what is counting the number of organisms in a small area and multiplying to estimate the number in a larger area?

Back 49

sampling

Front 50

what are substances that provide energy as the result of a chemical change?

Back 50

fuels

Front 51

what is a layer of material the helps block the transfer of heat between the air inside and outside a building?

Back 51

insulation

Front 52

cement, plastic and glass are NOT considered minerals, why?

Back 52

they are not made by natural processes

Front 53

what will the volcano do if a volcano's magma is high in silica?

Back 53

erupt exposively

Front 54

where can people drill a well to obtain groundwater?

Back 54

into an aquifer

Front 55

the less mass in a given volume of air the less ___________ the air.

Back 55

dense

Front 56

what is the difference between and aneroid barometer and a mercury barometer?

Back 56

does not contain a liquid

Front 57

the first layer of the atmosphere an astronaut passes through during reentry from space is __________.

Back 57

exosphere

Front 58

differences in ___________ causes winds.

Back 58

air pressure

Front 59

what is one difference between cyclones and anticyclones?

Back 59

the weather they cause

Front 60

what is a biotic factor?

Back 60

living organism

Front 61

if a group of antelope leave the herd in search of better grassland, what is this an example of?

Back 61

emigration

Front 62

Coal, oil & ___________ are the 3 major fossil fuels?

Back 62

natural gas

Front 63

what are seismic waves?

Back 63

vibrations that travel through Earth when earthquakes occur

Front 64

when do many minerals form?

Back 64

molten material cools and hardens inside Earth or ont its surface

Front 65

the formation of a _________ is caused by hte collision of 2 plates carrying continental crust.

Back 65

mountain range

Front 66

what is the result when ash, cinders and bombs build up in a steep pile around a volcano's vent?

Back 66

cinder cone volcano

Front 67

when there is __________ a water shortage can occur.

Back 67

too great a demand for water in an area

Front 68

most of the radiation is absorbed by _____________, as ultraviolet radiation from the sun passes through the atmosphere.

Back 68

the ozone layer

Front 69

local winds differ from global winds becasue local winds are ______________.

Back 69

caused by unequal heating within a small area

Front 70

what is a funnel-shaped cloud that touches Earth's surface?

Back 70

tornado

Front 71

what do all the different populations that live together in an area make-up?

Back 71

community

Front 72

what is an early winter frost preventing further growth in a tomato garden an example of?

Back 72

a limiting factor

Front 73

what is coal formed from?

Back 73

decayed plant remains

Front 74

what is an advantage of solar energy?

Back 74

it will not run out for billions of years

Front 75

what is used to change water into steam in a nuclear power plant?

Back 75

heat released from nuclear fission reactions

Front 76

which process results in the formation of igneous rock?a

Back 76

the cooling of magma

Front 77

what happens to rocks ina strike-slip fault?

Back 77

the rocks on either side of the fault slip past each other side ways

Front 78

what is the process by which molecules at the surface of a liquid absorb enough energy to chance into a gas?

Back 78

evaporation

Front 79

what is the atmosphere?

Back 79

gases that surround Earth

Front 80

most of the energy that heats Earth's atmosphere is _____.

Back 80

infrared radiation

Front 81

what are very high feathery clouds called?

Back 81

cirrus clouds

Front 82

a tropical storm must have winds of at least ________ to be classified as a hurrican.

Back 82

119 kilometers / hour

Front 83

if you count 100 beetles in a garden measuring 20 square meters, the population density of the beetles is __________.

Back 83

5 beetles per square meter

Front 84

what is an example of limiting factors?

Back 84

food, space and weather conditions

Front 85

what is the difference between nuclear fusion and nuclear fission?

Back 85

nuclear fusion can produce much more energy per atom than nuclear fission

Front 86

what is efficiency?

Back 86

the % of energy that is actually used to perform work

Front 87

name the characteristics of a mineral?

Back 87

solid, inorganic, naturallyu occuring, crystal structure, defintite chemical composition

Front 88

what can you use to classify metamorphic rocks into two groups?

Back 88

whether or not the rocks have bands

Front 89

what is the rating system that estimates the total energy released by an earthquake called?

Back 89

moment magnitude scale

Front 90

the process by which plants release water into the air is _____________.

Back 90

transpiration

Front 91

Earth's atmosphere traps energy from the sun. which allows water to ____________.

Back 91

exist as a liquid

Front 92

heat transfer between 2 substances that are in contact is called ___________.

Back 92

conduction

Front 93

what is an air mass that would form over northern Mexico and affect the SW U.S.?

Back 93

continental tropical air mass

Front 94

why has weather forecasting improved recently?

Back 94

computer technology

Front 95

what does a food chain show?

Back 95

feeding relationships in an ecosystem

Front 96

when does intrusive igneous rock form?

Back 96

magma cools beneath Earth's surface

Front 97

what is a mass of rock formed when a large body of magma cools inside the crust?

Back 97

batholith

Front 98

what is an abiotic factor?

Back 98

non - living factor

Front 99

what are the 2 most abundant gases in the atmosphere?

Back 99

nitrogen and oxygen

Front 100

warm air masses that affect the SW coast of the US are ________.

Back 100

maritime tropical air masses