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240 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is spontaneous generation? |
The idea that life can arise from non living things |
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What was Redis Experiment? What did It show? |
Tried to disprove spontanous generation 3 jars of meat 1. Covered Jar 2.Un Covered Jar 3. Netted Jar Found maggots in uncovered jar, and found maggots on netting of netted jar, No maggots on covered Jar. |
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What was Lazzaro spallanzani's experiment? What did It prove? |
Redid Needham's experiment, proved he made a mistake, People still belived spontanous generation was a thing |
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What was Pastuers experiment? what did it prove? |
Has Broth in S neck, leaves for 1 year, nothing happens, breaks off neck exposes to air and stuff grows. Finally ended the spontanous geneneration debate |
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What is biogenesis? |
Life comes from life Bio=Life Genesis= new beggining |
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What are the 8 charecteristics of life??? |
1. living things are made up of cells 2.have the equipment to reproduce 3.Every living thing has a genetic code (DNA and RNA) 4.Living things grow and develop 5.Obtain and use energy 6.Respond to their environment 7.Maintain Stable Internal Environment 8.Must be able to evolve overtime |
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What is a variable? |
any condition that changes the experiments outcome |
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Manipulated variable |
any condition that changes the experiments outcome |
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Responding variable |
this is affected due to changing the manipulated variable |
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Controlled variable |
Kept the same so it dosent affect the experiment |
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What is matter? |
takes up space has mass |
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protons, neutrons, electrons |
Protons- Positive inside nucleus Neutrons- No charge inside of Nucleus Electrons- Negative outside of nucleus |
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How to find Atomic number= |
the number of protons |
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What is an element |
substance with only one type of atom |
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atom |
smallest particle of matter |
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Isotope |
elements that are the same but have a different # of neutrons, and the same # of protons |
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Radioactive Isotypes |
Unstable Nuclei Breakdown at a constant rate |
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Ionic Bonds |
-Helps things stick together -TRANSFER of electrons |
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Covalent Bonds |
-SHARING of electrons - forms strong molecules |
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Van der Waals Forces |
the attraction to 2 surfaces that are oppositley charged covalentley bonded |
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What are the two Properties of water??? |
Adhesion Cohesion |
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what is Adhesion? |
Adhesion- attraction between 2 differnent substances |
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What is Cohesion? |
Cohesion- Attraction to the same subtances |
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What is an Mixture? |
Something that is physically combined but not chemically combined |
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What is a Solution? |
An substance that is evenley spread throughout another subatance |
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Is Blood a solution or Mixture |
Solution |
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Solute- |
substance that is being dissolved ex: salt, sugar |
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Solvent- |
thing doing the dissolving ex: water |
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what is an suspension? |
large particles suspended in another substance ex: dirt and water solution will settle and seperate does not dissolve |
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what is the Ph scale |
a measurement system to indicate the concentration oh H+ ions in a solution |
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base |
any compound that produces hydroxide ions in a solution (OH-) |
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acid |
any compound that forms H+ ions in a solution |
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buffers |
weak acids or bases that react with acids and bases to help keep a good internal conditions and to prevent sharp changes in PH |
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What makes a molecule Polar? |
Uneven distributing of electrons |
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on the ph scale what is 7? |
Neutral and Water |
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what numbers are on the Ph scale where does it start and end? |
ACIDIC H20 BASES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 |
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What is homeostasis??? |
keeping your internal conditions stable |
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What are the 6 top elements found in living things?/ the elements of life |
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphurus Sulfur |
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monomer+ a monomer= |
a polymer |
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polymer+H20= |
monomer |
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What is a macromolecule? |
large molecules made up of smaller units |
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What is a Monomer? |
1 small unit |
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What is a polymer? |
Many units together |
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What are the main types of Macromolecules? |
-Proteins -Carbohydrates -Lipids -Nucleic Acids |
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What is a Carbohydrate? |
- an energy source -compound made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms |
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What is a Protein? |
macro molecules that contain nitrogen, carbon,hydrogen,oxygen |
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What is a Monosaccharide? |
single sugar molecules |
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What is a polysaccharide? |
the large macromolecules formed from monosaccharides |
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What is an lipid? |
Made from fats oils and waxws |
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what is nucleic acid? |
macroolecules containing hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen, carbon, and phosphurous |
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What is a nucleotide? |
a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogen base |
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What is RNA? |
a kind of nucleotide that includes sugar ribose |
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What is DNA? |
sugar dexyribose |
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What is an aminoacid? |
compounds with an amino group |
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What is a Chemical reaction? |
a process that transforms /changes one set of chemicals into another |
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What is an Reactant? |
elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
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What is an product? |
element or compound that is produced by a chemical reaction |
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What is activation energy? |
the amount of energy it takes to start a chemical reaction |
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What is an catalyst? |
A Substance that speeds up an chemical reaction |
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what are enzymes |
products that act as a biological catalyst |
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what are substrates? |
the reactants of enzyme catalyzed reactions |
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Who is Anton Van Leeunhook? |
Invented the 1st microscope saw a whole new world |
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What is the Activation Site? |
In biology, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
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what are the 8 levels of life from smallest to greatest? |
-cell -tissue -organ -organism -population -community -ecosystem -biome |
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What is the metric basis for length? |
meter |
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What is the metric basis for mass?
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kilogram |
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What is the metric basis for volume?
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liter |
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What is the metric basis for temperature?
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celcius |
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how are electron microscopes different from light microscopes? |
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why would scientists develop a cell culture? |
a method for studying the behavior of cells – free of the variations that might arise in the whole organism
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why would scientists use cell fractionation? |
Cell fractionation allows scientist to study various parts of cells in order to determine their function and biochemical composition.
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Why would scientists use centifuges? |
Centrifuges are used mostly in science. In this application, centrifugal force (spins) and separates liquids that have different weights.
For example, a centrifuge is used to separate blood cells from plasma cells. |
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Steps to the scientific theory: |
-Ask a Question.
-Do Background Research. -Construct a Hypothesis. -Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment. -Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion. -Communicate Your Results. |
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How do you calculate an atoms mass number? |
protons + neutrons=mass number |
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How to find an atoms charge? |
Atomic number- #of electrons= charge of atom |
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What are eletron orbitals? |
Electronic orbitals are regions within the atom in which electrons have the highest probability of being found
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How many electrons fit in the first 3 orbitals? |
1st-2 2nd-8 3rd-18 |
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how can you use the periodic table to find the number of valence electrons? |
For neutral atoms, the number of valence electrons is equal to the atom's main group number. The main group number for an element can be found from its column on the periodic table. For example, carbon is in group 4 and has 4 valence electrons. Oxygen is in group 6 and has 6 valence electrons.
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what is a compound? |
a thing composed of two or more seperate elements, a mixture |
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what is polarity |
(POSITIVE VS NEGATIVE)
The two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom within water molecules (H 2O) form polar covalent bonds |
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what part of water is slightly positive? What part is slightly negative? |
he polarity of watercreates a slightly positive charge on hydrogen and a slightly negative charge on oxygen, contributing to water's properties of attraction.
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what is ionization |
Ionization is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons to form ions,
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whats the difference between an fat and an oil? |
Fats are composed of saturated fatty acids and are solid at room temperature while oils are composed of unsaturated fatty acids and are in liquid form at room temperature
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What's the differnece between RNA and DNA? |
DNA is a long polymer with deoxyriboses and phosphate backbone. Having four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. RNA is a polymer with a ribose and phosphate backbone. Four different nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
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whats a phospholipid |
a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule
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What are the 3 parts to a nucleotide? |
1) a five carbon ribose sugar
2) a phosphate molecule 3) one of four nitrogenous bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine or uracil |
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Building blocks of proteins |
amino acids |
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what is an exothermic reaction? |
An exothermic reaction is a chemical reaction that releases energy by light or heat. It is the opposite of an endothermic reaction. Expressed in a chemical equation: reactants → products + energy.
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what is an endothermic reaction? |
The term endothermic process describes a process or reaction in which the system absorbs energy from its surroundings; usually, but not always, in the form of heat.
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what is a substrate? |
a substance or layer that underlies something, or on which some process occurs, in particular.
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what effects affect the speed of an enzyme? |
-temperature -ph -size -presense of inhibitor - amount of substrate |
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what did Leeunhook do? |
-invented 1st microscope -saw a whole new world |
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What did Hooke do? |
Viewed plant stems, wood and cork and saw little rooms (cells) called them cells becuse they looked like rooms in a monastery |
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what did scleiden do? scheiden likes to smoke the weeden |
said all plant are made of cells |
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what did swann do? (swan) |
all animals are made of cells |
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what did virchow do? |
all cells come from preexisting cells |
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what are the 3 points of the cell theory? |
1. living things are made of cells 2. cells are the basic unit of structure and function 3. all cells come from preexisting cells |
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What is an prokaryote? |
a single celled organism with no nucleus |
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what is an eukaryote? |
-has a nucleus - has at least one cell or many -has DNA |
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How are plant cells different from animal cells? |
Plant: - has chloroplasts -has cell wall and cell mebrane -rectangular shape -has plastids -vacuole Animal: - Has no cell wall -round shape -only cell membrane -has no plastids - has lysomes |
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What is the structure function and shape of the cell membrane? |
Function:protect the cell |
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What is the structure function and shape of the cell wall?
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Function:protect cell |
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What is the structure function and shape of the nucleus?
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Function:contains and protects genetic material |
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What is the structure function and shape of the cytoplasm?
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Function:protects genetic material |
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What is the structure function and shape of the ribosomes?
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Function:make proteins |
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What is the structure function and shape of the E.R?
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Function:transports and finishes proteins |
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What is the structure function and shape of the Golgi body?
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Function:packages and ships proteins |
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What is the structure function and shape of the lysomes?
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Function:cleans up junk |
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What is the structure function and shape of the Mitochondria?
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Function:powerhouse of cell |
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What is the structure function and shape of the chloroplast?
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Function:converts light into energy |
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what is Diffusion |
moving particles from a concentrated spot to an non concentrated spot |
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what is the lipid bi layer |
a double sided sheet around the cell membrane |
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whatis osmosis? |
a special type of diffusion : the diifusion of water through a selectiveley permeable membrane |
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Isotonic: |
-Means same - The solution has the same amount of salt as the cell no net flow of water -nothing happens |
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Hypotonic: (low) |
-means less than - the solution has less salt than the cell -water moves into cell -shrink |
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Hypertonic: (high) |
-means more than -the solution has more salt than the cell -water moves out the cell -swell |
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What does lysis mean? |
To pop or explode |
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what is facilitated diffusion? |
when diffusion needs help to open the membrane, to go diffuse through the protein channels |
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What is active transport? |
when cells move in the opposite direction of the concentration gradient (low to high) |
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what is exocytosis? |
when it gets rid of all the nasty stuff |
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what is Endocytosis? |
When large amounts of bad material is moved in by a vesicle |
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what are the 2 typesof endocytosis? |
- Phagocytosis: cell eats up big chunks -Pinocytosis: cell drinking small particles |
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what is an autotroph? |
organisms that make their own food |
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what is a heterotroph? |
organisms that obtain energy through what they consume |
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What are the 3 parts of ATP? |
-sugar molecule -ribose -adenine |
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whats the difference in energy of ATP vs ADP |
ATP- charged battery ADP-uncharged battery |
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balanced equation for photosynthesis: |
6CO2+ 6H20 ------->C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 light |
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Why do plants need photosynthesis? |
- light turns into nutrients for plant (plant needs that to live) |
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What is the main organelle in photosynthesis? |
chloroplast |
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What is a thylakoid? |
a saclike photosynthetic membrane |
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What is a Granum? |
stacks of membranes |
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What is a Stroma? |
region outside the thylakoid membrane |
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why are plants green? |
plants are green because their cells contain chloroplasts which have the pigment chlorophyll which absorbs deep-blue and red light, so that green is being reflected.
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What molecule is responsible for a plant looking green? |
chlorophyll pigment |
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What part of photosynthesis goes on in the thylakoid? |
Light Dependent Reactions |
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What part of photosynthesis goes on in the stroma? |
Calvin Cycle / Light independent Reactions |
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In photosynthesis what happens to the transfer of energy? |
It goes from light energy into chemical energy |
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what are the inputs for the LDR? |
light energy and water |
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What are the Outputs for the LDR? |
ATP NADPH Oxygen |
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what are the inputs for the calvin cycle? |
-carbon dioxide -ATP -NADPH |
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what are the outputs of the calvin cycle? |
-sugar -ADP -NADP+ |
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what factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? |
-light intensity -carbon dioxide -concentration -temperature |
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What is the purpose of cellular respiration? |
to convert the energy stored in glucose into ATP |
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what is the equation of cellular respiration? |
C6H1206 + 602-----------> 6CO2 + Energy |
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What organelle does cellular respiration? |
Mitochondria |
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what is the starting molecule of glycolyisis? |
glucose |
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What is the net energy gain of glycolysis? |
2 ATP |
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What is Anaerobic respiration? |
Respiration without oxygen |
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What is ethanol fermentation? |
Alcoholic fermentation |
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What does ethanol fermentation produce? What types of cells use it? |
Produces alcohol and carbon dioxide Bacteria and yeast use alcoholic fermentation |
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What does lactic acid fermentation produce? What kinds of cells use it? |
-carbon dioxide -lactic acid any cells with muscle cells do lactic acid |
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where in the cell does glycolysis happen |
cytoplasm |
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where does the krebs cycle occur in the mitochondria? |
in the mitochondrial matrix |
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where in the mitochondria does the ETC happen? |
Inner mitochondrian membrane |
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What is the purpose of the Krebs Cycle? |
-break down pyruvate -produce ATP - get electrons ready for ETC |
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What does the Co2 we breathe out come from ? |
the oxygen we breathe in |
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What is the pupose of the ETC |
the main purpose of the ETC is to produce hydrogen ions or H+/protons |
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what are the inputs of the ETC |
-NADH -FADH2 -ATP -Oxygen |
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what are the outputs of the ETC |
-ATP -H20 |
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how many atp are produced in total from cellular respiration? |
38 atp are produced 1.Glycolysis (2) 2.Krebs cycle (2) 3.ETC (34) |
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what are some reasons cell divide |
-replace old or damaged cells
-single celled organisms reproduce -to help multicellular reproduce |
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why does DNA overload happen? |
when the cell gets to big dna cant meet the needs of the cell |
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Is it better for a cell to have more suface area or more volume? |
more surface area |
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how much DNA does the daghter cell get in comparance to its parent? |
the daughter cell gets an exact copy of its parents DNA |
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During what part of the cell cycle is DNA visible? |
metaphase |
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Is cytokinesis part of mitosis |
No its a part of the m phase not mitosis |
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How is the cell cycle different from mitosis? |
-The cell cycle is longer than mitosis -cell cycle= growing -mitosis=doubling |
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what are the 8 steps of the cell cycle in order? |
1. Gap 1 2. Synthesis Phase 3. Gap 2 4.Prophase 5.Metaphase 6.Anaphase 7.Telophase 8.Cytokinesis |
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What happens in Gap 1? |
the cell grows |
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what happens in Synthesis? |
DNA Replication |
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What happens in Gap 2 |
prep for mitosis |
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what happens in interphase |
chromatin uncondensed normal cell function |
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what happens during prophase? |
-chromatin condenses to chromosomes - centrioles seperate and spindle forms - nuclear membrane breaks down |
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what happens during metaphase? |
chromosomes line up at middle of cell each chromosome is connected to a spindle thread |
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what happens during anaphase? |
threads shorten and pull sister chromatids apart to opposite sides of cell |
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what happens during Telophase |
chromosomes are at opposite ends nuclear membrane reforms cell begins to split |
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what happens in cytokinesis |
cell divides into equal parts |
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Where are the sister chromotids held together? |
at the centromere |
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what does spindle fibers help ? |
it helps stuff get where they need to go |
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what things do animal cells have that plant cells dont (for mitosis) |
centrioles and lysomes |
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What disease forms when cells lose the ability to regulate their growth rate? |
Cancer |
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What class of molecules regulate the cell cycle? |
Cylin a protein that regulates the cell cycle |
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A group of Cancer cells is known as ... |
A tumor |
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Scientists have discovered that cancer cells share what in common |
-uncontrollable cell growth -the ability to invade other tissues |
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What is Contact inhibition? |
when cells come in contact with each other and then they stop growing |
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How does a cut show contact inhibition? |
The cells fill in the gap, and when they come in contact at both edges they stop growing |
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Who is the father of genetics? |
Gregor Mendel |
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How did Mendel study inheritance? |
He used peas to study heredity because they were self fertilizing and had a quick life span. |
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what is a trait? |
a specific charecteristics |
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what is an allele? |
an alternate form of a gene |
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What is the genotype for homozygous dominant, homozygous recessive, and heterozygous |
dominant: RR recessive:rr Heterozygous:Rr |
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What is an phenotype? |
a physical chacteristics |
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What is the law of segregation |
production of gametes the two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent
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What is the law of independent assortment |
describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.
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what ratio did mendel see in the F2 generation? |
Tall is dominant Short is recessive 3:1 ratio Tall:short |
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what ratio did mendel see in the F1 generation? |
they were all true bred |
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what does a punnet square show? what can it not show |
all the possible outcomes from a genetic cross It can't predict 100% wheter your child has that phenotype or not. |
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what is the genotype and phenotype for bothparents being heterozygous. |
G: 1:2:1 P: 3:1 |
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What are the steps for filling in a dihybrid cross? |
- find genotype of parent - pick 2 phenotypes - find possible combos - fill in square |
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How is complete dominance different from incomplete or codominance ? |
In complete dominance the dominant allele is always dominant over the recessive allele, but in incomplete or codominance there is no dominant allele |
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What is a polygenic trait what is an example of a polygenic trait? |
A polygenic trait is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene. Traits that are affected by more than one gene like height. |
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What is a multiple allele trait? |
We inherit half of our genes (alleles) from mom, & the other half from dad so we end up with two alleles for every trait in our phenotype. An excellent example of multiple allele inheritance is human blood type. |
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How is meiosis different from mitosis? |
Meiosis is the reproduction of gametes mitosis is the reproduction of regular cells |
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What is the purpose of meiosis? |
To produce new gametes and to take the parents cells and combine into the daughter cells |
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What is a gamete? |
Gametes are sex cells sperm and eggs cells |
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What happen in Prophase 1of Meiosis? |
Chromosomes condense and thicken Line up in homologous pairs Chromosomes cross over |
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What happens in Metaphase 1? |
Line up in middle of cell But they are still in their pairs so it looks like 2 lines, x x x x x x x x |
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What happens in Anaphase 1? |
Chromosomes get pulled by spindles to opposite sides of the cell |
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What happens in Telophase 1? |
split into two cells |
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What happens in Prophase 2? |
spindles form agian and this time no homologous pairs |
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What happens in metaphase 2? |
in a single file line x x x x |
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what happens in anaphase 2? |
Chromotids are pulled away from each other < > < > |
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What happens in Telophase2? |
The two cells we had are now 4 cells! |
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What is a linked gene? |
When two genes are located on the same chromosome they are called linked genes because they are to be inherited together.
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What does a gene map show? |
The relative locations of genes on a chromosome. |
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How to we get genetic diversity? |
The chromosomes cross over and share DNA, so even if a brother and sister have the same parents they might look different because they have different genes or "parts" of their parents |
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What is selective breeding? |
allowing only organisms with desired traits to be bred |
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What are the two types of selective breeding? |
- hybridiztion -inbreeding |
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What is hybridization? |
crossing dissimilar orgainisms to bring together the best of both organisms |
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what is inbreeding? |
continued breeding of individuals with similar chacteristics |
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What are the pros and cons of inbreeding? |
-increased risk of genetic diseases |
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What are the pros and cons of hybridization? |
-Pro: best of two species -Cons: Worst of two species |
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What is a karyotype? |
the number and visual appearance of the chromosomes in the cell nuclei of an organism or species.
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which chromosomes are the sex chromosomes |
X and Y |
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Which chromosomes determine if a person is male or female>|? |
XX chromosomes =female
XY chromosomes =male |
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Which chromosomes are autosomal? |
All the chromosomes except for the sex cells |
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How are chromosomes arranged on a karyotype |
The rest are arranged in pairs, numbered 1 through 22, from largest to smallest.
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How can a person detect down syndrone? Klinefelters? Turners? |
Down Syndrome: Prenatal Testing Turners: when puberty dosent occur Klinefelters: Karyotype, Hormone tests |
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What is a gene disorder? |
an inheirited disease caused by a DNA abnormality |
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a chromosome disorder different from a gene disorder? |
Gene Disorder: DNA problem Chromosome disorder: problem with one chromosome |
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What is a chromosome disorder? |
An abnormal condition due to something unusual in an individual's chromosomes. |
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How many chromosomes should a person have |
46 |
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What is nondisjunction? |
the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division
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How does nondisjunction cause chromosome number disorders? |
the chromosomes dont seperate right and the one cell will have to little chromosomes and one will have too many |
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What is a pedigree? |
the record of decent in a family |
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How does a pedigree help geneticists? |
Help them determine If a disease runs particularly in your family |
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In a pedigree what shape is male which is female? |
Female = circle Male = square |
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what is a sex linked gene |
genes that decide if your a boy or girl and other important chacteristics |
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Why do sex linked diseases show up more in males than females |
Most commonly accepted reason by biologists is that it is males role to display its sex linked traits to insure its survival and passing on its gene
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what type of disease is hemophilia |
a mutation/ genetic disorder |
