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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Heredity |
The passing down of traits from parents to offspring |
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Dominant |
Overpowers the recessive trait CAPITAL LETTER (AA) |
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Heterozygous/Hybrid |
Two alleles where one is different. (Aa) |
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Recessive |
the trait that hides in the background, lowercase letter, Can only be expressed in homozygous form (ex: dd) |
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Diploid cell |
contains two (doubled) copies of each chromosome: 46 chromsomes or 23 pairs |
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Haploid cell |
contains only 1 member of each chromosome pair: 23 chromsomes. |
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Chromosome |
Contains your genes |
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DNA |
Dna is double helix shaped, in the nucleus, and contains nitrogen bases. Also contains your genes |
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Homozygous/Purebred |
Two alleles that are the same. (AA) or (aa) |
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Gene |
A factor that controls the trait you exhibit |
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Allele |
A letter to represent the different forms of a gene |
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Genotype |
What your genes show. |
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Phenotype |
What trait you exhibit |
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Sex linked or X linked trait |
when the trait is carried only on the X chromosome. Easier for males to get sex-linked or X-linkeddiseases/conditions because they only need 1 affected X’s (because their genotype is XY) where females need two affected Xchromosomes. |
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Karyotype |
an arrangements of your chromosomes from 1 to 22 then the sex chromosomes (X and Y). A picture of your chromosomes |
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Variation |
any difference between organisms of the same species (look around the room, we are all human, look verydifferent) |
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Evolution |
a gradual change in species over time |
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Mutation |
A change in the DNA of an organism |
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Marrow |
Yellow, fat cells Red, manufactures platelets and red and white cells |
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Joint |
Place where two or more bones come together |
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Cartilage |
rubbery tissue that cushions bones, located at the joint |
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Ligament |
attaches bone to bone |
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Tendons |
connect muscle to bone |
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Voluntary |
you can choose to activate/use a muscle |
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Involuntary |
you can’t choose to activate/use a muscle , goes by itself |
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Skeletal muscle |
move bones |
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Smooth muscle |
regulates blood pressure, digestion and blood vessels |
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Cardiac muscle |
heart |
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Pupil |
controls the amount of light (controlled using the iris) that comes into your eye by getting bigger (in darkenvironments to allow more light in) and smaller (in brighter environment to allow less light in) |
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Iris |
controls the pupil, makes it bigger or smaller color of the eye |
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Retina |
houses sight receptors (rods and cones) that translate light impulses into neural inputs that the brain can theninterpret as images – retina attaches to a spot known as the blind spot that lacks any sight receptors |
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Optic nerve |
has the job of taking images received by the retina and transmitting them to the brain in the form ofelectrical impulses. |
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Lens |
Responsible for focusing images from the environment onto the rentina of the eye |
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Cornea |
very front of the eye, curved, provides assistance in focusing images, gives protection to the iris and otherinternal structures of the eye. |
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Rods & Cones |
make the image into a “code” that the brain can read Rods - dim light and shades of black, do not perceve color Cones -Red, blue, and green range of colors |
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Mechanical digestion |
moving (chewing) |
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Chemical digestion |
chemical reaction (acid breaking down food) |
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Accessory organs |
Food does NOT pass through. Tongue, teeth, Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas |
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Mouth |
food enters |
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Bolus |
Food is a soft mass |
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Esophagus |
a tube food travels down from the mouth to the stomach |
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Peristalsis |
mechanical digestion moves food down into the stomach (undulations in the esophagus) |
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Stomach |
breaks down food using chyme, food goes into the small intestine |
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Chyme |
thin watery liquid, in stomach |
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Small intestine |
sucks the nutrients out of the food small in diameter leads to the large intestine |
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Villi |
little bumps to increase the surface area of the small intestine, giving it more time to suck out nutrients |
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Liver |
red-brown organ that makes bile |
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Gallbladder |
store bile, that helps break down fat |
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Pancreas |
makes digestive enzymes and insulin, regulates blood sugar |
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Small Intestine |
Sucks all the nutrients goes into the large intistine |
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Large intestine |
sucks all the water out larger diameter leads to rectum & anus |
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Rectum & anus |
unneeded remains of food pass through to end up in the toilet |
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Coronary Circulation
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the circulation of blood in the blood vessels of the heart muscle
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Pulmonary Circulation
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carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart, to the lungs, and returns oxygenated (oxygen-rich) blood back to the heart.
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Systemic Circulation
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carries oxygenated blood away from the heart to the body, and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
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Aorta
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Main artery in the human body
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Atria (Atrium)
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2 of the four chambers of the heart (recieveblood)
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Ventricles
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right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary circulation to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation through the aorta.
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Arteries
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Arteries are blood vessels that carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart.
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Veins
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any of the tubes forming part of the blood circulation system of the body, carrying in most cases oxygen-depleted blood toward the heart.
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Capillaries
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any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arteries and veins.
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Plasma
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the watery part of blood
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Red blood cells
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Hemoglobin is the protein inside red blood cells that carries oxygen. Red blood cells also remove carbon dioxide from your body, transporting it to the lungs for you to exhale.
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White blood cells
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protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders.
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Platelets
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The principal function is to prevent bleeding
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Pulse
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your heartbeat
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Dendrites
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receive signal from other nerve cell and delivers messages
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Cell Body
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contains the nucleus
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Axon
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carries nerve impulse away from the cell body
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Synapse
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space between the 2 neurons
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Neuron
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cell that carries nerve impulses
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Genotype Ratio |
Homozygous Dominant : Heterozygous : Homozygous Recessive |
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Phenotype Ratio |
Dominant : Recessive |
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Fixed
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little to no movement
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Pivot
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one bone rotates around another
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Hinge
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back and forth
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Ball and Socket
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The ball end of one bone fits in the other
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Sliding
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one part of a bone slides over another
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arm bones
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humerus, radius, ulna
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leg bones
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femur, patella, tibia, fibula
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Head bones
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cranium, mandible, nasal, frontal, maxilla
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chest bones
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ribs, sternum
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Shoulder bones
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scapula, clavicle
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Hip bones
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pelvic girdle |
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Hands bones
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carpals, metacarpals, phalanges
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Why do muscles and bones need to work in pairs?
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Skeletal muscles work in teams at your joint. As one one muscle contracts, the other relaxes. When it reverses, your arm will move the other way. As one contracts, the other one flexes
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The route of your food
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Mouth (helped by tongue, teeth and saliva), esophagus, stomach (chyme), small intestine (break down of food assisted by liver, gallbladder, and pancreas), large intestine, rectum, anus
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Deoxiginated blood flow in the heart
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From body superior Vena Cava or inferior vena cava, right atrium, valve, right ventricle, valve, pulmonary artery, lungs for exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen
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Oxygenated blood flow in the heart
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pulmonary veins to left atrium to valve to left ventricle to valve to aorta to your body to deliver oxygen to blood cells to make energy (cellular respiration)
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Left Ventricle |
Pumps blood to your body |
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Right ventricle |
Pumps blood to your lungs |
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Autonomic Nervous System |
Involuntary Nervous System - heart beating, digestion |
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Somatic Nervous System |
Voluntary Nervous System - hearing, touching, tasting |
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Central Nervous System |
Controls your Brain and Spinal Cord |
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Peripheral Nervous System |
All of the neurons except the nerves in your spinal cord and brain |
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An impulse travels along a neuron |
Dendrites receive the impulse, to the cell body, down the axon, neuron transmitters are sent in the synapse, then it attaches the next dendrite, the repeats |
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What do the Iris control? |
It controls the size of the pupil |
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What determines the size of the pupil |
The amount of light needed |
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4 factors the affect Natural Selection |
Overproduction, variation, competition, environmental pressure |
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What is this pointing to? |
Cranium |
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What is this pointing to? |
Mandible |
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What is this pointing to? |
Clavicle |
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What is this pointing to? |
Scapula |
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What is this pointing to? |
Sternum |
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What is this pointing to? |
Rib |
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What is this pointing to? |
Humerous |
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What is this pointing to? |
Vertabrae |
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What two is the lines pointing to? |
Radius and Ulna |
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What is in the area? |
Pelvis Girdle |
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What three bones are the lines pointing to? |
Carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
Femur |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
Patella |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
Tibia and Fibulla |
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What is the arrow pointing to? |
Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges |
