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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Meteroids |
1mm-100mm Types: metallic & stony Origin-remains of comets (dirty snowball) & Asteroids *A lot of meteors can be seen in perseid and leonid meteor shower |
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Outer Planets |
-Primitive & Jovian -Gaseous Giant -Far away and very cold -Very massive (lrg Fg and thus have rings & moons) -strong magnetic field -low density -mainly made of H2 & He gas |
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Jupiter |
-Most massive -rotates fast -huge pressure -radiates 2x > energy than it receives from sun -Giant Red spot 3x size earth -Almost enough mass to be a star=nuclear fusion -63 moons |
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Jupiter's moons |
1. Io-close, volcanic hell, lava tides, size our moon (smaller) 2. Europa-ice covered, w/liquid water underneath (smaller) 3. Ganymede-largest moon in solar system (larger than Merc.), cratered with ice, fault lines, magnetic field 4. Callisto-covered with rock and ice, heavily cratered |
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Saturn |
-2nd largest mass -diameter 9x Earth -rotates 1 time every 10.2 hours -revolves around sun every 30 years -well developed ring system -mass 100x Earth -62 moons |
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Saturn rings |
inner ring, B-ring, gap, A ring, gap |
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Saturn moon |
Titan-2nd most massive moon *atmosphere rich in Nitrogen *covered in ice *lakes of Methane (cold) *rocks of ice and ammonia |
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Uranus |
-discovered in 1781 by Herschel -blue color b/c methane (important for life b/c can be converted to CO2) -lazy planet b/c orbits laying down (E 23 vs U 98) -84 year rev. period (42 dark/light) -rotates clockwise -Moon Miranda |
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Neptune |
-conf. of gravity law by "wiggle" of Uranus (John Adams Levertier) -also blue planet -moon Triton-polar ice cap of frozen nitrogen, volcanically active w/ nitrogen geysers, very cold |
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Pluto |
"god of underworld" -declassified as planet in 2006 -not enough mass, gravitational force, too far away, rock and ice planet (not gas like others) -moon Charon (has almost same mass and synchronous orbit) -above ecliptic plane -revolutionary period 260 years |
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Comets |
-made of ice and dust (dirty snowball) -nucleus (rock, metals, ices) -coma (head) -dust tail -ion tail *always point away form sun *Halley's comet (1682) 76 year orbit *Hyatuke *Hale-Bop Origins-1. Kuper Belt 30AU-55AU btwn Nept and Pluto (short period comets 50-400 year) 2. Ort Cloud 5,000AU-100,000AU (long period 600-15,000year) |
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Origins of Solar System |
-4.6billion years ago 1. All mass concentrated to a point ( if cont. mass=heat up, as things spin they contract-centrip. force) 2. Solar Nebula=cloud of gas & dust (spinning) 3. Flattened disk=heats up in center to form proto sun (buring sun-neuc. fusion) 4. heats up and spews stuff |
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Condensation theory |
as proto sun threw off stuff or debris the debris tuck together to form planets |
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Celestial Sphere |
Polaris (N. Star) never moves, but in 26, 000 years won't be there |
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Ecliptic-Sun's Path |
4 seasons -Dec, June, Mar, Sept 21 |
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Sun |
-closest star 1AU -Diameter 100x Earth -Density 1.49 -Rotates every 25 days |
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Why is sun shining and why doesn't it gravitationally collapse? |
a)neuclear fussion taking H and forming He b) blanaced forces between Fg & FNec. *once He fuel burns out -sun begins its death...crushed |
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Layers of Sun |
1. photoshpere 2. cromoshpere 3. corona |
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photoshpere |
visible surface (6000K) -75H2 & 25HE&O,C,Ne,Fe a)sun spots-dark, cooler region (# dictates temp...>=hotter) *in 1600s no sunspots for several years..ice age -solar flares, sudden bright explosive blasts of solar part and of protons and electrons (solar wind) -prominenies-filaments of gas arches |
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cromosphere |
above photoshpere -layer of H gas (6000-25000K) -can only be studied between solar eclipse |
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corona |
sun's atmosphere -halo extends far outward -temp.=1mill K. due to gas ejections |
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Sun's interior-no neutral atoms |
-intense heat & pressure -most important featurein core is neuc. fusion of hydrogen to form helium -overall reaction 4 H atoms-->1He+2(e++V+Gamma ray)+energy -mass E=mc2 |
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Classifying Stars |
-mass (0.8-100) -most starts are binary stars (2 stars) -prominent star groups as patterns (consellations) that appear during certain times of the year eg. Pisces, Capricorn (Autumn) Orion, Tarus (Spring) Cyprus (Winter) Ursa Major (Big Dipper) all year |
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Celestial Magnitude (Brightness) |
1. Apparent (far)-viewed from Earth 2. Absolute-as if it were 3.26 light years away from Earth |
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HR |
protosun-->main sequence (most stars on main sequence undergoing nuclea fusion alive *our star) |
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Life Cycle of medium or low mass stars |
-solar nebula -protosun (birth of star) contracts and begins burnin H fuel-->move up on main sequence as a star -H fuel burns out-->star gravity squeezed igniting the ashes 2-3xs -Red Giant (cooler)-->gently shed outer layers and form exposed core white dwarf (dead) |
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Life Cycle of High Mass Stars |
1. If small amount of mtter from a binary star falls onto a white dwarf-->explode=Novea up to 100xs brighter or <--binary star-->energy or fuel white dwarf (hot) 2. If white dwarf has a carbon oxygen core it causes a very huge explosion =Super Nova Type 1-white dwarf core Type 2-next slide (Iron Fe mass >1.4 |
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Type 2 |
1. m=1.5-3.0 Neutron mass-huge implosion size of star rapidly decresases to form super dense 1tsp=10tons *rapid rates of rotation 0.002-4s 2. m>3.0 Black Hole-very massive start 10-100 has huge Fg while alive and when burns out it contracts to very small pt. |
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Black Hole |
-light bends -event horizon -singularity nothing can escape, even light -How do you know black hole?=X-rays been observed to dissapear in an area of space |
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Milky Way |
-cent hub=black hole *b/c our solar system orbits central hub every 230mill years |
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Fate of Celestial Objects less than 0.01 0.08-1.4 1.5-3 greater than 3 |
planet/moon white dwarf (our sun) neutron star black hole |
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What about distance to stars/galaxies; measured in AU, ly, or parsecs? |
1AU=dist earth-->sun (1.5x10 8 km) ly=dist light travels in 1yr v=c=3x10 8 m/s d=vt=ct parsec=dist to star/galaxy w/parallax angle of 1 sec of arc or 1 arc econd 1pc=3.26ly |
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d=1/p |
X |
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Galaxy Types |
1. Elliptical 2. Spiral 3. Irregular |
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Elliptical Galaxies |
50% M84, M86 in Virgo Cluster; 48 Mill ly away |
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Spiral |
50% normal-Milky Way, Andromoda, Whirlpool, Sombero barred-NGC 1300 |
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Irregular |
Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC 180,000ly) & Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC 210,000ly) |
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Quasars |
Most distant objects in Universe emitting huge amounts of EM waves *formed when universe was young (13 billion years old) |
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Local Groups |
cluster of galaxies which we are in: 1) Milky Way 2)Andromeda 3)Triangulum 3Mly from Earth |
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Supercluster |
other galaxy cluster 1-3 & 4)Virgo Cluster |
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Universe is made of: |
normal matter-stars, planets, moons-can see 5% dark matter-halo around normal matter, neutrions and other particles hard to detect-can't see 23% dark energy 72% |
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Hubble's Law t(universe)=1x10^12/H H=1Mpc |
observed galaxies moving away from Earth and that (Universe Expanding) receeding -further away galaxy=>recessional velocity or faster it moves away t(univ)=13.7 billion years old recent evidence has shown that rate of expansion is accelerating |
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Big Bang Theory |
13.7 Billion years ago-all starts, galaxies, moons, etc. were consecent into 1pt. in space *blow up-still explodes today *How it got to that point? Can't explain=God |
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Big Bang Evidence |
1. Cosmic background microwave (long wave length) radiation 2. Cosmological shift-due to galaxies moving away causing wavelengths to get longer 3. 3H:1He in interstellar matter |
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Curvature of Space Time & Why Things Fall |
the heavier he mass the more the curvature (blanket example) 1)mass tells space time how to curve 2)greater mass>curvature>accelleration |
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Fate of Universe |
if all mass got in 1pt universe would enclose upon itself heat death temp throughout universe is same |
