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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inertia |
The property of objects that makes them resist changes in their motion. |
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Speed |
Speed is a measure of the rate at which an object moves over a distance. Speed= displacement/ time |
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Displacement |
Displacement is the direct distance to a starting to an ending point |
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Acceleration |
-Acceleration is a measure of the rate at which velocitychanges over time. This includes speeding up (positive acceleration) and also slowing down (negative acceleration). Slowing down is also called deceleration. -Acceleration= change in speed/ change in time |
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Velocity |
- Velocity is the same as speed except that velocity specifies a directon. - Velocity= displacement/time |
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Newtons First Law |
An object will remain at rest, or will not change its speed or direction, unless it is acted upon by an outside, unbalanced force. |
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Newtons Second Law |
The overall force (f) on a mass (m) cause an acceleration (a)f= m x a |
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Newtons Third Law |
Forevery action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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Features of a distance graph |
- The steeper the line, the greater the speed. - A horizontal line indicates that there is no movement. - A curved line indicates speed is not constant. Therefore acceleration or deceleration is occurring. |
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Features of a velocity time graph |
- A horizontal line indicates constant speed. - A line pointing upwards indicates acceleration. - A line pointing downwards indicates deceleration. - A horizontal line on the time axis represents thatthe acceleration is zero (no movement) |
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Instantaneous and average speed |
The average speed does not provide much information about the speed at any particular instant during the race. The instantaneous speed is the speed at any particular instant of time. |
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Ticker timer tapes |
Every 5 dots= 0.1 seconds. |
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Base pairs and numbers of bonds between pairs |
A & T= 2 hydrogen bonds. G & C= 3 hydrogen bonds. |
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Where does Mitosis occur |
- In your body for growth and repair (eg if you have cut your hand) |
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Where does Meiosis occur |
- Occurs in diploid cells. - Only in sexually reproducing organisms. - Makes sex cells like ova and sperm. |
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The number of chromosomes and daughter cells involved in mitosis |
- One round of chromosome replication and one division sequence. - Two daughter cells are identical |
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The number of chromosomes and daughter cells involved in meiosis |
- One round of chromosome replication but two division sequences - Four daughter cells are not identical. |
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The stages of mitosis and meiosis (interphase, prophase, metaphase) |
Interphase: Resting/ not dividing Prophase: Chromatin threads condense and are easily visible, the nuclear membrane disappears and a spindle forms Metaphase: The chromosomes line up at the equator of the cell |
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The stages of mitosis and meiosis (anaphase, telophase) |
Anaphase: Chromosomes more apart towards the poles of the cell Telophase: The nuclear membrane re-appears and two daughter cells from in mitosis |
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The difference between autosomes and sex chromosomes |
- Autosomes are the somatic chromosomes, which control the body characters or somatic characters - Whereas sex chromosomes are the allsomes which determine the sex of an individual. |
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The process of transcription |
- DNA unzips - mRNA copies info from DNA using base pairings. |
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The process of translation |
- rRNA attaches to mRNA and starts reading the codons. - tRNA carries amino acids and attaches them to the growing protein chain. - When protein production is complete, the ribosome releases the protein chain. |
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Interpreting gel electrophoresis |
Used to sort out the fragments into groups according to their length. |
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Environmental |
External factors such as food, pollution and the sun e.t.c. |
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Genetic |
Characteristics handed down through genes |
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Genetics |
Is the study of heredity |
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Genes |
are the chemicals in the nucleus of cells that determine the characteristics that are inherited. |
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DNA |
Deoxyribonucleic acid |
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Characteristics |
Are physical features displayed by an organism |
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Chromosomes |
Are thread-like structures in which genes are situated |
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Mitosis |
Cell division of body cells or somatic cells |
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Meiosis |
Cell division of cells or gametes (ova and sperm) |
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Karotype |
Is created by staining the chromosomes with dye by photographing them through a microscope |
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Homologous Chromosomes |
Are matching pair of chromosomes. They have the same relative size, position of the centromere and stained bonding patterns. |
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Non- homologous chromosomes |
are a non matching pair of chromosomes |
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Atoms number and mass numbers |
Periodic table |
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Mass Number |
Protons and Neutrons |
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Predicting number of protons, neutrons and electrons from the atomic number and mass number |
Remember that mass number = protons + neutrons then you can work out any |
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Group number |
How many valence electrons |
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Period Number |
How many shells there are |
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Ionic bonding and ionic equations |
Elements in other groups either want to give away or accept electrons in order to gain a full outer shell |
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Covalent Bonding |
- Occurs when pairs ofelectrons are shared by atoms. - Atoms will covalentlybond with other atoms in order to gain more stability, which is gained byforming a full electron shell. By sharing their outer most (valence) electrons,atoms can fill up their outer electron shell and gain stability. |
