Science Exam (2013) (Year 9)

Front 1

Question:
What is a LogBook used for

Back 1

A complete record of your investigation, thoughts and ideas.

Front 2

Question:
What is the Variable

Back 2

An observation/measurement that can change during an experiment.

Front 3

Question:
What is the Independent variable

Back 3

The variable that deliberately changes in an experiment.

Front 4

Question:
What is the Dependant variable is

Back 4

The variable that depends on the independant variable. The variable is what we measure and what is affected during an experiment.

Front 5

Question:
What is the control is

Back 5

The control is the one without the independant variable. The control is used to see what would happen if you didn't do anything to it but kept everything else constant.

Front 6

Question:
What does a report contain

Back 6

Abstract, Introduction, Aim, Hypothesis, Materials, Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion and Bibliography.

Front 7

Question:
What is Cellular Respiration

Back 7

Cellular Respiration is the process of breaking down of glucose so that energy is released in a form for our cells then can use. Oxygen is essential for cellular respiration.

Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy (ATP)

Front 8

Question:
What is the Respiratory System responsible for

Back 8

The Respiratory System is responsible for getting oxygen into the body and carbon dioxide out of the body.

Front 9

Question:
What is the Circulatory System responsible for

Back 9

The Circulatory System is responsible for transporting Oxygen and nutrients to cells and wastes away from them.

Heart --> Artery --> Capillary --> Body cells --> Capillary --> Vein

Front 10

Question:
Oxygenated blood travels through the

Back 10

The oxygenated blood travels through the pulmonary vein to the left atrium of heart, then the left ventricle of heart, then the aorta, then the arterioles, then capillary and then body cell.

Front 11

Question:
Deoxygenated blood travels through the

Back 11

The deoxygenated blood travels through the capillary to the venules, then the vena cava, then the right atrium of heart, then the right ventricle of heart, then the pulmonary artery and then to the lungs.

Front 12

Question:
What is the digestive system is responsible for

Back 12

The Digestive system is responsible to supply our body with nutrients it requires from food.

Front 13

Question:
a. Where is villi located
b. What does the villi do
c. Why is villi shaped like fingers

Back 13

a. Small intestine
b. The absorption of nutrients and molecules.
c. To maximum surface area to increase the efficiency of nutrients being absorbed into the surrounding capillaries.

Front 14

Question:
What does the Pancreas makes

Back 14

The pancreas makes enzymes which are lipases, amylases and proteases that turn the food into molecules and are sent to the small intestine.

Front 15

Question:
What does the Liver do

Back 15

Has 500 different functions (sorting, toring and changing digested foods.) It creates bile, where it is involved in mechanical digestion of lipids (fats and oils). It removes excess protein because it can form toxic compounds. The liver converts waste products to the kidneys. It changes dangerous substances so it doesn't harm the body.

Front 16

Question:
What does the Kidney do

Back 16

Kidney is made up of approximately one million nephrons which filters blood, remove waste products and chemicals in excess which all of that keeps various chemicals and water within appropriate levels.

Front 17

Question:
Define 'population'

Back 17

A group of organisms of the same species in the same area.

Front 18

Question:
Define 'community'

Back 18

Populations of organisms living together in the same habitat.

Front 19

Question:
What is an ecosystem?

Back 19

An ecosystem is a complex level of organisms made up by living and non-living (water, temperature, light and pH) parts. Dynamic system of organisms interacting with each other and the environment.

Front 20

Question:
Define 'ecology'

Back 20

The study of ecosystems.

Front 21

Question:
What are Producers

Back 21

also known as Autotrophs because they are self feeders and don't rely on other organisms. Producers are the base of the food chain and essential. Producers use photosynthesis to capture light energy and convert inorganic substances into organic substances. Plants create oxygen as a waste product.

Front 22

Question:
What are Consumers

Back 22

also known as Heterotrophs because they are unable to make their own food and obtain their nutrition from consuming other organisms.

Front 23

Question:
a. What are Herbivores
b. What are Carnivores
c. What are Omnivores
d. What are Detritivores

Back 23

a. Herbivores eats plants and are primary consumers.
b. Carnivores eat other animals and are secondary consumers.
c. Omnivores eat plants and animals to obtain their full nutrition.
d. Release enzymes to break down organic matter and absorbs products that have been externally digested.

Front 24

Question:
What do the Decomposers do

Back 24

Decomposers convert organic matter into inorganic matter. The waste is returned to the environment to be recycled by producers.

Eg. Bacteria and Fungi.

Front 25

Question:
a. What is competition
b. What is intraspecific competition
c. What is Interspecific competition

Back 25

a. The competition happens when organisms within an ecosystem will compete where their needs overlap.
b. The competition of resources from the members of the same species.
c. The competition of resources between members of different species.

Front 26

Question:
What is Predator-prey relationships

Back 26

One species kills and eats another, the predator is the killer and the prey is the food source.

Front 27

Question:
What is Herbivore-plant relationships

Back 27

Plants can be eaten by herbivores but they may contain physical structures/chemicals to prevent them from eating it.

Front 28

Question:
What is Symbiotic relationships

Back 28

Organisms living together depend on each other.
Eg. Parasitism, the parasite benefits but the host is harmed.
Mutualism, both species benefit. Commensalism, one species benefits but the other does no harm.

Front 29

Question:
What is distribution

Back 29

The quantity of organisms of how far a species has travelled and/or spread out.

Front 30

Question:
What is density

Back 30

Density is the quantity of organisms in a given area.

Front 31

Question:
What is the tolerance range

Back 31

The range where a type of species can tolerate such temperatures.

Front 32

Question:
What is the optimum range

Back 32

The ideal range where a type of species can function its best.

Front 33

Question:
Name the three sampling methods used to estimate the density and distribution and state what is each one is used for.

Back 33

Transects are used to estimate the density and distribution when environmental conditions vary along the sample under investigation.
Quadrats are used to estimate the distribution and abundance of organisms that are stationary or don't move much.
Mark, Release and Recapture is used to determine the abundance of mobile species.

Front 34

Question:
State the Estimated average density equation

Back 34

Estimated average density = total no. of individuals counted divided by no. of quadrats x area of each quadrat.

Front 35

Question:
a. What do the roots do
b. What do the roots hair do

Back 35

a. The roots help anchor the plant and obtain oxygen, water and mineral salts from the soil.
b. The root hairs increase the amount of surface area for more absorption.

Front 36

Question:
a. What is being transported in the phloem
b. What is that process called
c. Name some substances being transported in the phloem

Back 36

a. Organic substances are transported up and down the plant.
b. Translocation.
c. Sugar (Glucose), Nitrogenous compounds (amino acids and soluble carbohydrates.

Front 37

Question:
a. What is being transported in the xylem
b. What is that process called
c. Why do xylem vessels have strong thick walls

Back 37

a. Water is transported from the roots and out through the stomata as water vapour.
b. Transpiration.
c. To help hold up and support the plant.

Front 38

Question:
Vascular bundles are

Back 38

Vascular bundles are groups of phloem and xylem vessels located together.

Front 39

Question:
Chloroplasts are

Back 39

Leaf cells that contain organelles called chloroplasts. Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll, a green pigment that is involved in capturing light energy. The synthesis of glucose also occurs in the chloroplasts.

Front 40

Question:
Flaccid happens when

Back 40

Flaccid happens when the water has moved out of the cell vacuoles and the cells turn because water is in short supply.

Front 41

Question:
Turgid happens when

Back 41

Turgid happens when the plant has plenty of water and opens the pore to take in carbon dioxide in and oxygen out.

Front 42

Question:
a. Stomata is located
b. What does the stomata do
c. Why does the stomata in the leaves help pull the water up

Back 42

a. Located on the underside of the leaves.
b. The exchanges of gases take place. Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
c. Evaporation of water

Front 43

Question:
What are Flowers is made up of

Back 43

Flowers are made up of reproductive structures. Within the flower there are structures that product gametes. Anthers produce pollen grains and ovaries produce ova.

Front 44

Question:
a. What is fertilisation
b. What is pollination
c. What are the three other types of pollination

Back 44

a. The penetration of the ovum by a sperm.
b. When pollen grains lands on the stigma.
c. Cross-pollination is when pollination with other plants or from other species. WInd-pollination is when pollen is transferred between plants by the wind. Insect/animals as vectors that carry their pollen between plants and reward the animal with food.

Front 45

Question:
a. What is photosynthesis
b. Name the reactants of photosynthesis
c. Name the products of photosynthesis
d. State the chemical equation of photosynthesis

Back 45

a. Photosynthesis is the process of capturing light energy and its conversion into chemical energy, it involves using light energy to synthesis glucose.
b. Carbon dioxide + Water
c. Glucose + Oxygen + Water
d.

Front 46

Question:
What is Metabolism is

Back 46

The chemical reactions occuring within an organism that enable the organism to use energy and grow and repair cells.

Front 47

Question:
a. What is Aerobic Respiration
b. State the word equation for aerobic respiration..
c. State the chemical equation for aerobic respiration

Back 47

a. The chemical process of glucose breaking down so that energy is released in a form for cells to use.
b. Glucose + Oxygen ---> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
c.

Front 48

Question:
What are the three stages of Aerobic Respiration

Back 48

Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol of the cell and doesn't require oxygen. The next two stages, the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain reactions that occur in the mitochondria.

Front 49

Question:
a. What is Anaerobic respiration
b. State the word equation of Anaerobic Respiration for animals and humans
c. State the word equation of Anaerobic Respiration for plants

Back 49

a. The chemical process of food breaking down without needing oxygen.
b. Glucose ---> Lactic Acid + Energy
c. Glucose --> Ethanol + Carbon dioxide + Energy

Front 50

Question:
a. What are protons
b. What are electrons
c. Why are atoms electrically equal

Back 50

a. Protons have a positive electric charge.
b. Orbit the nucleus and have an electric charge and equal in size to a proton but has 1/1800 of the mass of a proton.
c. There's equal amount of electrons and the number of protons in its nucleus.

Front 51

Question:
State the Law of Conservation of Mass

Back 51

That matter cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction.

Front 52

Question:
State the Law of Constant Proportions

Back 52

A compound, no matter how it is formed, always contain the same relative amounts of each element.

Front 53

Question:
What are exothermic reactions?

Back 53

Exothermic reactions is when there's less energy stored in the chemical bonds in the products than there was in the reactants.

Front 54

Question:
What are endothermic reactions?

Back 54

Endothermic reactions is when energy is absorbed from the surroundings where the chemical bonds of the products contain more energy 'stored' than in the reactants.

Front 55

Question:
What is chemical energy?

Back 55

Chemical energy is when energy of the substances is transformed by breaking the chemical bonds but do not make a new substance. Eg. Hand warmers (Iron + Oxygen --> Iron oxide)

Front 56

Question:
What is the chemical process

Back 56

The chemical process is when chemical bonds are broken and form a new substance.

Front 57

Question:
a. State the properties of acids.
b. State the properties of bases.

Back 57

a. Acids are corrosive, sour and many acids in fruits are safe to eat.
b. Bases have a bitter taste, slippery or soapy to touch and corrosive.

Front 58

Question:
a. What are alkalis
b. What is a pH scale used for
c. What happens when you mix an acid and a base together

Back 58

a. Alkalis is when bases that can be dissolved in water.
b. To see how acidic or basic a substance is, ranging from 0-14.
c. They neutralise and form products including water and a salt.

Front 59

Question:
What is pickling

Back 59

Pickling is the process of preserving food by putting in vinegar.

Front 60

Question:
What is combustion

Back 60

The chemical process when a substance reacts with oxygen and heat is released.
Respiration is a slow combustion reaction.
Oxidation reactions are combustion reactions where the transfer of electrons from a reactant and doesn't require oxygen.

Front 61

Question:
a. What are fossil fuels
b. The products of combustion always include

Back 61

a. Fossil fuels can be natural gas, petrol and coal are formed from the remains of living things.
b. Carbon dioxide and water

Front 62

Question:
a. Where is Natural gas is used in
b. What liquid do most cars use
c. What fuel does a jet aircraft use

Back 62

a. Gas stoves and ovens.
b. Liquid octane from crude oil.
c. Kerosene from crude oil.

Front 63

Question:
What is our Earth made up of?

Back 63

The atmosphere, a blanket of gases on the Earth.
Hydrosphere, the water on the surface of the Earth.
Crust, solid rock and rigid.
Mantle is partially molten rock from temperatures of 500°C to 2000°C.
Outer core is made up of molten iron and nickel where the temperatures between 4000°C to 6000°C.
The inner core is mostly iron, solid owing to extreme pressure and temperatures can be 7000°C

Front 64

Question:
What is the 'supercontinent' called when all the continents were joined together.

Back 64

The land was called Pangaea, and the sea was called Panthalassa.

Front 65

Question:
a. Why do the plates move?
b. What is the convection current?

Back 65

a. It is because of the heat causes the partially molten rock in the mantle to expand and rise towards the surface.
b. It spreads out, cools and falls back called the convection current where keeps the plates moving slowly.

Front 66

Question:
What is subduction?

Back 66

Subduction happens when two plates push against each other, the oceanic crust pushes against continental crusts and the oceanic crust sinks below the continental crust.

Front 67

Question:
a. What is an anticline?
b. What is a syncline?

Back 67

a. ______--------_______

b. -------_______--------

Front 68

Question:
a. What is a fault?
b. What is a slip fault?

Back 68

a. When there's movement along a crack where the crack was formed from huge forces acting on them.
b. Blocks of the crust slip horizontally past each other.