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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does the rate of reaction measure? |
The amount of product made in a specific time |
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What can increase the rate of reaction? |
Raising the temperature Increasing the concentration of liquids Increasing the pressure of gases |
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What is a limiting reactant? |
The reactant that is used up by the end of the reaction. |
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What does the limiting reactant determine? |
The limiting reactant determines the maximum amount of product made |
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When do chemical reactions happen? |
When particles collide with enough energy |
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If there is more collisions between particles, is the reaction faster or slower? |
Faster |
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What happens to the particles when a reaction takes place at a low temperature? |
The particles move slowly, with less energy. This means there are less collisions, and fewer collisions will be successful The rate of reaction will be slow |
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What happens to the particles when a reaction takes place at a high temperature? |
The particles move quickly, with more energy. This means there are more collisions. The rate of reaction will be fast |
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What does an increase in temperature result in? (in terms of kinetic energy) |
An increase in kinetic energy |
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What does high concentration mean in terms of rate of reaction? |
It means that the particles will be crowded close together, so the particles will collide more often, and there will be more successful collisions |
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What do more frequent collisions lead to? |
A faster reaction |
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When a gas is under low pressure the particles are... |
spread out, and will collide less often |
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The larger the surface area of a reactant the... |
faster the reaction |
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What is the difference between a powdered solid and lumps of solid? |
Powdered solids have a larger surface area, so will react faster |
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What is a catalyst? |
A catalyst is a substance that changes the rate of a chemical reaction, without being used up or changed. |
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What is the relative atomic mass? |
The larger of the two numbers in each element in the periodic table. |
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What is the relative formula mass? |
The sum of all the relative atomic masses of all the atoms present in the formula. |
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What does the total mass of reactants always equal? |
The total mass of the product, because no atoms are created or destroyed in a chemical reaction |
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The more reactants you start with... |
The greater the amount of product formed |
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What do you need to work out to compare fuels?
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The amount of energy transferred per gram of fuel burned. |
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What formula do you use to work out the amount of energy transferred by the fuel to the water? |
Energy = Mass of x Specific x Change in Transferred water heat temp heated capacity |
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The energy transferred per gram of fuel is calculated by using this formula: |
Energy = Energy supplied / Mass of fuel burned Per gram (J) (g) |
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What kind of process is making bonds? |
Exothermic |
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What kind of process is breaking bonds? |
Endothermic |
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Chemical reactions that need more energy to break bonds than released when new bonds are made are called.. |
Endothermic reactions |
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Chemical reactions that release more energy when making bonds than breaking them are... |
Exothermic reactions |
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What are the properties of Batch processing: |
Making a product on demand and on a small scale Can be used to make a variety of products Labour intensive- the reactor needs to be filled, emptied, and cleaned |
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What are the properties of continuous processing: |
Making a product on a large scale Are dedicated to making just one product Operate all the time Can run automatically- not labour intensive |
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The materials used to make a medicine can be extracted from plant materials by: |
Crushing- pestle and mortar Boiling and dissolving- using a suitable solvent Chromatography- using chromatography to separate a concentrated soloution |
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What are the costs of making a pharmaceutical drug |
Materials needed Research development Testing Labour Energy Marketing |
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If the number of people using a medicine is small then the cost will be.. |
Very high |
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What are the three forms of carbon? |
Diamond Graphite Buckminster fullerene |
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What are the properties of a Diamond |
It is insoluble in water and doesnt conduct electricity Its transparent, colourless, and shiny It can be used in cutting tools because its very hard and has a very high melting point It is a giant molecular structure It has a rigid structure |
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What is diamond made of? And why doesnt it conduct electricity? |
Carbon atoms bonded to four other carbom atoms by strong covalent bonds It doesnt have free electrons so it doesnt conduct electricity |
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What are the properties of Graphite |
It has a layered structure Its insoluble in water Its black and slippery Its shiny and opaque It conducts electricity and has a very high melting point It is a giant molecular structure
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Why does graphite conduct electricity |
Because it has free electrons |
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What is graphite made of? |
Layers of carbon atoms that are bonded to three other carbon atoms by strong molecular bonds |
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What are the properties of Buckminster Fullerene? |
Made of 60 carbon atoms Is the shape of a football It is a black solid |
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What happens when you attach a catalyst to a nanotube? |
A massive surface area can be achieved, making the catalyst very efficient |
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What can fullerenes and nanotubes be used to do? |
Cage other molecules because their shape allows them to trap other substanceH |
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How are nanotubes made? |
By joining fullerenes together |
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What are nanotubes used to do? |
Make connectors and semiconductors in circuits because of their electrical properties Reinforce graphite tennis racquets because of their strength. Develop more efficient industrial catalysts. |
