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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Atomic Radius
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- Atoms get bigger as you go down groups -> extra layers of electrons
- Atoms get smaller as you go across a period (Without the noble gases) |
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First Ionization Energy
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definition : Amount of energy it takes to strip away the first valence electron
- decreases as you move down a column + increases as you move across a period - elements in the first group have lower ionization energies which means they won't hold on to valence electrons as tightly. |
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Electronegativity
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definition : Measure of how tightly an atom holds onto its valence electrons
- decreases as you go down a column + increases as you move across a period -> some are more likely to take electrons from another element than others. - difference in electronegativity between two elements will determine whether they exchange electrons (ionic compounds) or share electrons (covalent compounds) |
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Reactivity
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Elements have increased reactivity as you move down the group and decreased reactivity as you move across a period.
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Ion Radius
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Ionic radii slightly decrease until Group 10.
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Explain Tungsten (III) bromide
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- Roman numerals indiciate which ion (Transition metal -> Roman Numberal)
- (mulivalent ions : more than one possible charge.) |
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Natural Immune System boosters
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plants (onions, garlic, leafy greens, herbs, chillies)
marine organisms (colored algae, jellyfish/sponges) |
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What is a pathogen?
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Any organism that causes disease
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Examples of Pathogens
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Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses
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What is an antigen?
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- unique chemical "markers" all over the surface of your body cells
- immune system uses white blood cells to interpret them and see if they're your own cells or foreign material. If foreign material : immune system attacks. Also : Allows immune system to recognize new/unknown pathogens |
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What is an antibody?
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- specialised proteins that complement foreign antigens, designed and made by B cells (white blood cells involved in responding to antigens)
- antibodies attach to the pathogen - each pathogen has its own antibody response |
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Naturally acquired / Active
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Antigens enter the body naturally; body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes
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Naturally acquired / Passive
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Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant via the mother's milk
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Artificially acquired / Active
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Antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies + specialized lymphocytes
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Artificially acquired / Passive
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Preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection
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What is a vaccination?
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The process in which a person is deliberately exposed to a pathogen, with the aim of creating artificially acquired immunity
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What's in vaccines?
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Mostly weakened/killed pathogens -> don't cause disease symptoms but antigens are still present.
Today : Vaccines are made using genetic modifications ; scientists identify genes in pathogens that are code for the antigens |
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How does the body respond to antigens?
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The immune system can respond to antigens by producing antibodies + Killer B cells. (If you're exposed to the actual disease, your body will have memory B cells ready to make antibodies + fight off infection)
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Rectum
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Storage of undigested material
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Bladder
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Storage of Urine
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Prostate Gland
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Gland surrounding bladder + urethra, contributes a secretion to semen
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Seminal Vesciles
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Pair of glands that secrete seminal fluid to nourish and help movement of sperm through the urethra
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Vas Deferens
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Duct that carries sperm from epididymis to urethra
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Scrotum
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Sac-like organ that contains the testes, hangs outside the male body underneath the penis
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Testes
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Organs in a male in which sperm is made
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Semen
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Seminal fluid + Sperm
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Seminiferous fluids
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product of special cells in tubules that produce the sperm
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Epididymis
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Sperm mature + are stored here
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Urethra
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Tube for Urine and Semen
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Ovary
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Ova are made and stored here
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Oviduct
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Tube down which an ovum travels to the uterus after it's released from a follicle
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Uterus
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Storage for embryo / fetus + endometrium builds up here
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Endometrium
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Mucus membrane that (temporarily) lines Uterus
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Corpus Luteum
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Remains of a burst ovarian follicle after release of a mature egg
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Cervix
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ring of muscles at entrance to the uterus
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Follicle
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Sac-like structure in the ovary that contains maturing ovum
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Ovulation
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Release of an ovum from an ovary
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Pituitary gland
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produces hormones
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Hypothalamus
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tells pituitary what to do
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oocyte
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another name for maturing egg
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Vagina
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Muscular tunnel that receives penis, passage for fetus and endometrium
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Where does fertilization occur?
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- if sexual intercourse occurs, sperm enter through vaginal passage
- many make it past cervix -> swim towards oviduct and swarm around the ovum - one sperm enters ovum -> DNA combines -> fertilisation occurs and a zygote happens |
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Why can an egg only be fertilised by one sperm?
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Only one can penetrate the tough coat surrounding the ovum
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After the egg and sperm combine, what is the new cell called?
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Zygote -> Morula -> blastocyst -> embryo
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How long does it take for this cell to reach the uterus?
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6-8 days
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What is happening to the cell as it travels down the uterus?
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The zygote splits into two cells and continues splitting until a ball of cells (morula) has formed, then it evolves into a blastocyst + implants itself into the endometrium
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What is the menstrual cycle?
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- lasts approx. 28 days -> restarts
- begins w/ breakdown of endometrium -> released through vagina as a flow of blood (approx. 7 days) - period happens when estrogen and progesterone levels fall (2 hormones that produce thickening of endometrium) - as endometrium thickens, 2 hormones known as follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and lutenising hormone (LH) are released from pituitary gland - Ova are released from ovary each month. - released ovum will travel down the oviduct towards the uterus |
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What is the purpose of this cycle?
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Once the ovum is released, it waits at the end of the oviduct for sperm to fertilize it. (Ultimate goals : pregnancy / reproduction)
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What happens to the cycle when the egg gets fertilised?
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During pregnancy, levels of oestrogen and progesterone increase, so menstruation doesn't occur because endometrium turns into placenta for baby
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What hormones are involved in the menstrual cycle?
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- Oestrogen + Progesterone (continue thickening of endometrium)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - stimulates development of follicles + causes release of oestrogen from ovary - Lutenising hormone (LH) - causes release of an ovum from an ovary (-> Ovulation) |
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Amniotic Fluid
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within the amniotic sac, helps protect embryo from any impact / infection + keeps at a constant temperature
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Placenta
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Organ that's attached to the wall of the uterus + connected to mother's blood supply. Provides developing baby with oxygen, hormones and nutrients. Removes carbon dioxide and waste products
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Amniotic Sac
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Holds amniotic fluid
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Fetus
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When embryo becomes human in appearance (about halfway through first trimester)
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Series Circuit - Current?
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Current is the same at all points in the circuit
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Parallel Circuit - Current?
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Current is shared between the components
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Define Voltage
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the "push" that causes electric charges to flow
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Define Current
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the flow of electrical charge
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Define Resistance
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The tendency for material to oppose the flow of electrons (changing electrical energy into thermal and light energy)
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Explain how lightning works?
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- Raindrops and ice crystals collide inside storm cloud creating electrical charges
- Electrical charges separate inside the cloud with electrons moving to bottom of the cloud and protons moving to the top - Negative charges at the bottom of the cloud force positive charges to build up on the ground forming a large electric field - Step leaders shake down from the cloud while streamers surge up from the ground, then lightning strikes |
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Kirchhoff's Rule in a Series Circuit
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total voltage supplied by the source must equal the total voltage used by all of the loads in the path.
total current flowing through the circuit is identical at any point in the circuit |
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Kirchhoff's Rule in a Parallel Circuit
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total voltage supplied by the source is equal to the voltage across each parallel branch.
total current flowing through the circuit is divided among any parallel branches |
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flow of electrons from where to where?
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positive to negative
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flow of current from where to where?
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negative to positive
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