Science Chapter 2

Front 1

solid

Back 1

of definite shape and volume, not liquid or gaseous

Front 2

liquid

Back 2

the state of mater in which a substance exhibis a characteristic readiness to flow, little or no tendency to disperse and realativitly hig incompressibilitly

Front 3

gas

Back 3

the state of matter distinguished from the solid or liquid states by low denisty and viscosity

Front 4

physical change

Back 4

any pross invloving a substance's change from one state to another without alteration of the chimcal composition

Front 5

chemical change

Back 5

any change from one state which is accompanied by alteration of the chemical composistion.

Front 6

crystal

Back 6

a solid formed by a repeatng, three-dimensional pattern of itons, ion or molecules and having fixed distances fbetween parts

Front 7

glass

Back 7

any of a large class of materials with highly variable mechanical and optical properties, generally hear, britter and transparent, considered a supercooled liquid

Front 8

alloy

Back 8

a mixture or solid solution of two or more metals

Front 9

polymer

Back 9

a string of two more monomers

Front 10

concrete

Back 10

cement (limestone powder, silicon dioxide, alumina) and aggregate (stones, sand) and water (for hydration reaction)

Front 11

what is pressure treater lumber

Back 11

lumber that has been driven with chemicals as to keep wood for a longer period of time.

Front 12

what are some advantages of pressure treated lumber

Back 12

a. expands lifespan by 10-20 years
b. has gotten more "human friendly"
c. easy and treatable
d. usesless as food source for fungi, etc.
e. more reliable

Front 13

what are some disadvantages of pressure treated lumber?

Back 13

a. originally contained arsnic
b. doesn't last as long as composite wood
c. toxic.

Front 14

What is matter made of?

Back 14

particles

Front 15

what is an atom?

Back 15

the basic building block of all matter

Front 16

what are atoms made of?

Back 16

protons, nuetrons and electorns.

Front 17

what are protons and neutrons made of?

Back 17

quarks, heutrinos

Front 18

What are electrons made of?

Back 18

bosons, leptons, muons

Front 19

How many different kinds of atoms are there?

Back 19

116

Front 20

How are atoms distinguished

Back 20

by number of protons, number of neautrons (atomic number)

Front 21

What is the atomic mass

Back 21

the total numbers of particles in the nucleus

Front 22

what is an element?

Back 22

a pure substance, a basic pur substance made up of only one kind of atoms

Front 23

what is a molecule

Back 23

A particle made up of two or more atoms (could be the same, could be different)

Front 24

what is a compound

Back 24

a chemically combined molecule made of 2 or more kinds of atoms

Front 25

atomic theory: 1st

Back 25

Democritus and Aristotle (460BC-370BC life)
democritus: you divide and divide unti lyou get atomos, which means indivisble and each atom is unique to the material
Aristotle: four elemtns acan be transformed into eachother

Front 26

atomic theory: 2nd

Back 26

John Dalton (1803)
all matter is made of atoms whcih cannot be destroyed or split and all of the element's atoms are the same and a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms

Front 27

atomic theory: 3rd

Back 27

J.J. Thomson (1897)
discovered electron and imagined an atom was like a jigsaw puzzle

Front 28

atomic theory: 4th

Back 28

Ernest Rutherford (1908-1911)
Proved the "raision bread" theory was incorrect and did exeperiments with Alpha particles
suggested atom was
1. a core
2. a ring of electrons

Front 29

atomic theory: 5th

Back 29

Neils Bohr(1913)
applied quantum theory to Rutherfords and said electrons traveled in orbits

Front 30

atomic theory: 6th

Back 30

Werner Heisenberg/Erwin Schroedinger (1923)
Heisenburg: thought of the uncertainty principle'
Schroedinger: If light bounces off an electron a momentum exchange occors between light and the electron

Front 31

what is glass?

Back 31

an amorphous, under cooled liquid of extremely high viscosity which has all the apperances of a solid

Front 32

What is amporphous

Back 32

Has no set crystalline structure and random particle posistions.

Front 33

What is undercooled

Back 33

way below its melting point

Front 34

What is viscosity

Back 34

resistnance to flow

Front 35

What are the ingrediants in glass

Back 35

75% silica/ Silcion dioxide
20% soda ash (reduces melting point of sand from 2000degrees to 800 degrees)
5% limestone (makes glass insoluable in water)

Front 36

decidous trees

Back 36

Hard woods
leaves fall off but come back
strength, heavy, and durable
nice color and grain

Front 37

coniferous trees

Back 37

needle trees
lighter weight, strong yet light
quick groowing
inexpenisve

Front 38

Microscopic trees

Back 38

wood cells are mostly water
cells are linked in chains (polymers)

Front 39

What is density?

Back 39

a measure of how much stuff(mass)is packed into a certain amount of space(volume)

Front 40

what is the formula for density

Back 40

mass divided by volume

Front 41

what is the formula for volume

Back 41

L X W X H

Front 42

what are characteristics of metal?

Back 42

shiny-can be polished but tarnished easily

Front 43

what is tarnish?

Back 43

a chemical reaction with enviornment

Front 44

What does metal conduct?

Back 44

electricy because the particles pass electrons easily
and heat because the particles are packed tightly together

Front 45

what is corrosion?

Back 45

the electrochemical degradation of a substance caused by reaction with its enviornment

Front 46

What is electrochemical degradation?

Back 46

making a substance "go down" or become worse

Front 47

What is the activity series?

Back 47

what column the elements fall into

Front 48

What are the most common forms of corrosion?

Back 48

calcium + oxygen turns into calcium oxide

iron + odygen turns into iron oxide (rust)

Front 49

What is a replacement reaction?

Back 49

a reaction with an acidic enviornment in which one element is replaced with another

Front 50

What are some alloys?

Back 50

bronze: copper + tin
brass: copper + zince
steel: iron + carbon
gold: white + gold

Front 51

What are some characteristics of plastic?

Back 51

durable, compound (usually hydrocarbon base), synthetic (man made), easily shaped or molded,

Front 52

What is a polymer?

Back 52

a chain of monomers

Front 53

What is a monomer?

Back 53

a particle that has the properties necessary to form a chain.

Front 54

What is granite?

Back 54

an igneous rock with volcanic origins
solidifided lava/magma

Front 55

What is marble?

Back 55

a metomorphic rock made of carbon that has been heated, pressed, twisted, folded, etc.

Front 56

What is concrete?

Back 56

cement (limestone powder, silcion dioxide, alumina) aggregate (crushed rocks) and water

Front 57

what is limestone?

Back 57

A sedimentary rock made of carbon that is layers of crushed pressed seachells and "critters"