Science 9 Vocabulary: Chapter 4

Front 1

Testes

Back 1

Produce and nourish developing sperm

Front 2

Scrotum

Back 2

Protective sac for the testes

Front 3

Seminiferous Tubules

Back 3

Coiled tubes which contain diploid cells that undergo meiosis to produce haploid sperm cells

Front 4

Epididymis

Back 4

Where mature sperm are stored

Front 5

Vas Deferens

Back 5

A tube that carries sperm to the urethra

Front 6

Seminal Vesicles

Back 6

Provide fluid to swim, as well as nutrients to provide energy for the journey.

Front 7

Prostate

Back 7

Provides fluids and nutrients for swimming

Front 8

Cowper's Glands

Back 8

Provides nutrients and fluids for swimming.

Front 9

Urethra

Back 9

Transports sperm and urine outside the body.

Front 10

Ovary

Back 10

Where eggs mature and release

Front 11

Follicle

Back 11

Contains immature eggs

Front 12

Ovulation

Back 12

The egg leaves the ovary and travels towards the uterus.

Front 13

Corpus Luteum

Back 13

Empty follicle

Front 14

Progesterone

Back 14

A female horomone

Front 15

Estrogen

Back 15

A female horomone

Front 16

Prolactin

Back 16

Female horomone

Front 17

Menstrual Cycle

Back 17

Female reproductive cycle which lasts about 28 days. Within the cycle, one egg matures and is released.

Front 18

Flow Phase

Back 18

The endometrium is rich in blood vessels and menstruation looks like blood is being released.

Front 19

Follicular Phase

Back 19

Since no zygote is implanted, a new follicle develops.

Front 20

Luteal Phase

Back 20

The empty follicle develops into the corpus luteum.

Front 21

Menstruation

Back 21

If the egg is not fertilized, the endometrium sheds.

Front 22

Menopause

Back 22

The time in a woman's life (age 40-50) when the menstrual cycle ends.

Front 23

Uterus

Back 23

Organ that receives the embryo when the egg is fertilized.

Front 24

Cervix

Back 24

Muscular opening between the uterus and the vagina.

Front 25

Endometrium

Back 25

Lining of the uterus

Front 26

Fallopian Tube

Back 26

Transports the egg to the uterus

Front 27

Embryo

Back 27

A developing organism produced by a zygote

Front 28

Fetus

Back 28

A small developing organism

Front 29

Placenta

Back 29

A flattened circular organ in the uterus of pregnant eutherian mammals, nourishing and maintaining the fetus through the umbilical cord.

Front 30

Differentiation

Back 30

The process of growing and unspecialized cells into many specialized cells.

Front 31

Stem Cells

Back 31

Unspecialized cells that have the ability to reproduce themselves and differentiate into specialized cells.

Front 32

Identical Twins

Back 32

Occurs when one egg becomes two embryos (identical DNA, they share a placenta).

Front 33

Fraternal Twins

Back 33

Occurs when two eggs become fertilized at the same time (different DNA, they have their own placenta).

Front 34

Karyotype

Back 34

The arrangement of an organisms chromosomes from one body cell; the human karyotype has 23 pairs of chromosomes.

Front 35

Sex Chromosomes

Back 35

• Two chromosomes that determine gender

• Called X & Y chromosomes

• Both primary and secondary sexual characteristics are controlled by the two chromosomes

• Females have two X chromosomes

• Males have an X & Y chromosome

• All eggs have an X chromosome

• Half of all sperm cells carry and X chromosome and the other half carry a Y chromosome

• Meiosis in males produces 4 haploid sperm cells

•Meiosis in females produces 1 haploid egg cell; the other 3 cells are smaller and eventually disintegrate

Front 36

Atypical Meiosis

Back 36

An error in the separation of chromosomes.

Front 37

Artificial Insemination

Back 37

Introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract (vagina) by a method other than sexual intercourse. Sperm can come from an anonymous donor or from a sperm bank.

Front 38

Gamete Interfallopian Transfer

Back 38

Eggs are removed, combined with sperm, then re-introduced into the fallopian tubes/oviduct along with the male sperm. This method increases chance of conception by bringing eggs and sperm together in the oviduct.

Front 39

In Vitro Fertilization

Back 39

Fertilization that takes place outside of the females body (in a petri-dish).
Steps:

1. Follicles containing immature eggs are removed from ovaries

2. Eggs mature and sperm cells are added

3. Resulting embryos are inserted in the uterus at the right time of the menstrual cycle.

Front 40

Surrogate Mother

Back 40

Female who carries the embryos.

Front 41

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

Back 41

Injecting a single sperm into the cytoplasm of a mature healthy egg cell. It is commonly used when normal In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) isn't successful. Used when sperm count is very low or sperm are structurally unable to swim.