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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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abrasion
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the grinding away of rock by other rock particles carried in water, ice or wind
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topographic map
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a map that shows the surface features of an area
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alluvial fan
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a wide, sloping deposit of sediment formed where a stream leaves a mountain range
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stratified drift
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drift composed of material deposited by a meltwater stream or settled from suspension
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beach
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wave-washed sediment along a coast
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calving
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the breaking off of a mass of ice from its parent glacier
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channel
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the bed of a stream or river
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saltation
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the bouncing of material from and along a river bed or a land surface
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chemical weathering
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the process that breaks down rock through chemical changes
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continental glacier
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a glacier that covers much of a continent or large island
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contour interval
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the difference in elevation from one contour line to the next
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contour line
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a line on a topographic map that connects points of equal elevation
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load
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the amound of sediment that a river carries
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creep
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the very slow downhill movement of rock and soil
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deflation
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wind erosion that removes surface materials
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landslide
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a kind of mass movement that occurs when rock and soil slide rapidly down a steep slope
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delta
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a landform make of sediment that is deposited where a river flows into an ocean or lake
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mudflow
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the rapid downhill movement of a mixture of water, rock and soil
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weathering
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the chemical and physical processes that break down rock at Earth's surface
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deposition
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process in which sediment is laid down in new locations
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slump
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a type of mass movement in which a mass of rock and soil rapidly slips down a slope, and moves in one large mass.
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discharge
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volume of flow
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elevation
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height above sea level
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erosion
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the process by which water, wind or ice moves particles of rock or soil
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flood plain
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wide valley through which a river flows
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index contour
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on a topographic map, a heavier contour line that is labeled with elevation of that countour line in round units
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glacial drift
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all rock material in transport by glacial ice
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glacier
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a large mass of moving ice and snow on land
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gradient
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a slope
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mechanical weathering
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the type of weathering in which rock is physically broken into smaller pieces
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gravity
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a force that moves rocks and other materials downhill
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gully
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a large channel in soil formed by erosion
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headland
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a part of the shore that sticks out into the ocean
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oxidation
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a chemical change in which a substance combines with oxygen, as when iron oxidizes, forming rust
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ice age
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times in the past when continental glaciers covered large parts of the Earth's surface
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sediment
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small, solid pieces of material that come from rock or organisms
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ice wedging
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process that splits rock when water seeps into cracks, then freezes and expands
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iceberg
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a large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off from a snow-formed glacier and is floating in open water
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mass movement
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any one of several processes by which gravity moves sediment downhill
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runoff
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water that flows over the ground surface rather than soaking into the ground
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rill
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a tiny groove in soil made by flowing water
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meander
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a looplike bend in the course of a river
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oxbow lake
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a meander cut off from a river
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longshore drift
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the movement of water and sediment down a beach caused by waves coming in to shore at an angle
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spit
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a beach formed by longshore drift that projects like a finger out into the water
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sand dune
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a deposit of wind-blown sand
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loess
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a wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt
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valley glacier
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a long, narrow glacier that forms when snow and ice build up in a mountain valley
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plucking
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the process by which a glacier picks up rocks as it flows over the land
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till
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the sediments deposited directly by a glacier
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moraine
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a ridge formed by the till deposited at the edge of a glacier
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kettle
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a small depression that forms when a chunk of ice is left in glacial till
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How do you determine the contour interval of a topographic map?
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The change in elevation from contour line to contour line is called the contour interval. For example, if you start at one contour line and count up 10 contour lines, you have reached an elevation 200 meters above where you started.
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What are the rules that contour lines must follow?
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Contour lines never intersect. Closely spaced contour lines are used for steep slopes. Widely spaced contour lines are used for flatter areas. A contour line that forms a closed loop with no other contour lines inside it is used to show a hilltop. A closed loop with dashes inside shows a hollow in the ground.
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How do the contour lines tell you about the steepness of an area?
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Closely spaced contour lines are used for steep slopes.
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What is the difference between a hill and a basin on a topo map?
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A contour line that forms a closed loop with no other contour lines inside it is used to show a hilltop. A closed loop with dashes inside shows a basin.
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How do you determine the elevation of a point on a topo map?
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To find the elevation of a feature, begin at the labeled index contour, which is a heavier line than regular contour lines. Then, count the number of contour lines up or down to the feature.
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What causes chemical weathering?
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Chemical weathering is the process that breaks down rock through chemical changes. The causes include the action of water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms and acid rain.
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What causes mechanical weathering?
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Mechanical weathering is where rock is physically broken into smaller pieces. Causes include freezing and thawing, release of pressure, plant growth, actions of animals and abrasion.
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What factors affect how quickly rocks are weathered?
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The type of rock determines how quickly it weathers. Permeable rock weathers faster. The climate also affects the rate of weathering. Both chemical and mechanical weathering occur faster in wet climates. Chemical reactions occur faster at higher temperatures.
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What are the five types of erosion?
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Gravity, running water, glaciers, waves and wind
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How did the stream tables demonstrate erosion?
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by creating meanders, and the water was carrying sand, making a delta.
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How do waterfalls form?
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A waterfall forms where a flat layer of tough rock lies over a layer of softer rock that erodes easily. when the softer rock erodes, pieces of the harder rock above break off, creating the waterfall's sharp drop.
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What land formations do each type of erosion form?
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Gravity: landslides, mudflows, slump and creep
Running Water: waterfalls, flood plain, meanders, oxbow lakes Waves: headland, sea cave, wave-cut cliff Glacier: u-shaped valley Wind: desert pavement |
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What land forms do the deposits make?
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Water: alluvial fans, deltas, flood plain
Waves: beaches, spits, sandbars Wind: sand dunes, loess deposits Glacier: till, moraine, kettle |
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What factors affect how quickly a stream flows?
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A river's slope, volume of flow and the shape of its streambed all affect how fact the river flows and how much sediment it can erode
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