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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Element
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One type of atom
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Compound
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2 or more types of atoms bonded together
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Positive Ions are made..
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When metal atoms lost electrons
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Negative Ions are made..
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When non-metal atoms gain electrons
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Covalent bonding is..
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the sharing of electrons between non-metals
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Ionic Bonding is..
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The giving/taking of electrons between metals and non-metals
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Metallic Bonding is..
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The electrostatic attraction between metal atoms and the ‘sea’ of electrons (delocalised)
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Carbon has __ outer shell electrons
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4
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Carbon can covalently bond with up to __ other atoms
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4
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The bonds created need to add up to __ to have..
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4..a stable valency of 8 electrons
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What organic compounds consist only of hydrogen and carbon?
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Hydrocarbons
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Alkanes..
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only single bonds (prefix –ane) 2C+2=H
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Alkenes..
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contain a double bond (prefix –ene) 2C=H
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Alkynes..
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contain a triple bond (prefix –yne) 2C-2=H
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Alcohols have..
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Hydrogen, carbon and oxygen atoms.
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Alcohol prefix..
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-nol
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Complete combustion
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When hydrocarbons or alcohols are burnt, oxygen, water and carbon dioxide is produced. Electricity can be produced from the heat.
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Incomplete combustion
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Oxygen is limited in the reaction. Usually characterised by a smoky, black flame, sometimes carbon monoxide.
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What is Current and what is it measured in?
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Flow of electrons. Measured in Amps.
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What is Voltage and what is it measured in?
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Amount of energy available from source. Measured in Volts
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What is Resistance and what is it measured in?
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How much a load restricts and reduces current. Measured in Ohms.
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What is an Electromagnet?
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A magnet in which magnetism is created with electricity.
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What is Frequency?
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The number of waves that pass a given point per second. Measured in Hertz (Hz)
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What is Amplitude?
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The distance between the midpoint and the top of the wave.
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What is Wavelength?
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The straight distance between a whole wave
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What does AM stand for and what is it?
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Amplitude Modulation. Information is sent through in different amplitudes.
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What does FM stand for and what is it?
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Frequency Modulation.
Information is sent through in different frequencies. |
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Coaxial cables consist of..
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A copper core, insulation, copper wire braiding, and a protective plastic sheathing.
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What is an optical fibre?
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A strand/tube of glass with a coating that traps and conducts light.
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What does coherent mean?
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All waves are of the same frequency and wavelength.
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What roles do microwaves play in communication?
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Transmit digital signals through the air between stations as well as link satellites for long-distance communication.
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What is a gene?
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A hereditary trait that controls a particular characteristic.
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Where are genes located? How many?
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Genes are located on long, coiled, thread-like structures called chromosomes. Each one has thousands of genes across its length.
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What is a homologous pair?
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A pair of chromosomes (one from each parent)
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What are diploid cells?
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Cells in the body that contain two of each type of chromosome.
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What are haploid cells?
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Gametes - reproductive cells (sperm and egg)
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What are Alleles?
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Variations of the same gene
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Mitosis is..
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The reproduction and division of body cells (eg skin).
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Meiosis is..
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The reproduction and division of sex cells.
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What is co-dominance?
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A heterozygous organism’s phenotype is a combination of homozygous organisms (eg roan).
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What is incomplete dominance?
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Two heterozygous organisms’ offspring has the same phenotype of a homozygous organism.
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Refracted rays bend..
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Towards the normal
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The normal is..
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perpendicular to the surface
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What is hyperopia?
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Long sightedness
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What is myopia?
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Short sightedness
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What type of lens can correct myopia?
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Concave.
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What type of lens can correct hyperopia?
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Convex.
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What is ELF and how far can it go?
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Extra Low Frequency. They can penetrate water and have the longest wavelengths
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What is MF and how far can it go?
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Medium Frequency. They can bounce off the ionosphere. Suitable for radio signals.
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What is UHF and how far can it go?
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Ultra High Frequency. They can pass through the ionosphere and go into space.
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Radio waves? (Wavelength and Frequency)
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Longest wavelength and lowest frequency.
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What are microwaves?
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Extremely high frequency radio waves.
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What is infrared?
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Just below visible red light.
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What are near infrared waves used for?
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Remote controls.
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What are far infrared waves used for?
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Heating purposes.
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X-rays? (wavelength and frequency)
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Short wavelength and high frequency.
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What is an isotope?
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An element with a different number of neutrons to protons.
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What is a radioactive isotope?
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An isotope that emits radiation.
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What is "half-life"?
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The period of time in which it takes for radiation to decrease by half.
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What is a nebula?
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A cloud of dust and gas in space.
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What is a protostar?
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An object that will eventually be a star.
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What is another term for outer space?
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Interstellar medium.
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What is the name for the original super continent?
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Pangaea
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What two continents did Pangaea split into?
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Laurasia and Gondwanaland
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What do spreading zones create?
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Mid-ocean ridges.
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What is a result of fault zones?
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Earthquakes.
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What is created by Subduction zones?
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Earthquakes and volcanoes.
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What is created by collision zones?
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Mountains.
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What is a fossil?
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The remains or an imprint of an organism that lived at least 10 000 years ago.
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Where are fossils found?
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In sedimentary rock.
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How old is the earth though to be?
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4.6 billion years old.
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How old are the oldest known fossils?
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3.5 billion years old.
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Which earthquake waves travel the fastest, and through water and solids?
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P (primary) waves.
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Which earthquake waves pass only through solids and come after P waves?
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S (secondary) waves.
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What does the atomic number tell you about the element?
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The number of protons.
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What is the atomic mass number?
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The number of protons plus the number of neutrons.
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What is a molecule?
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A small group of two or more atoms that are chemically bonded.
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What is a compound?
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Made up of two or more elements.
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How are compounds formed?
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Two or more different atoms share or exchange atoms, forming a chemical bond.
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What is a crystal lattice?
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Negative and positive ions electrostatically attracted.
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What are polyatomic ions?
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Ions that contain more than one element.
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What is a combustion reaction?
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A reaction when a substance reacts with oxygen, releasing heat and sometimes light.
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What is a corrosion reaction?
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A reaction when a substance reacts with surface compounds such as oxides, sulfides and carbonates.
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What is a precipitation reaction?
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A reaction where 2 soluble ionic compounds (aq)react to form an insoluble compound.
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What is an acid on metal reaction?
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An acid reacts with a metal to give a salt (ionic compound) and hydrogen gas.
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What is a neutralisation reaction?
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An acid plus a base gives a salt (ionic compound) and water.
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What is a decomposition reaction?
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A reaction in which a substance absorbs enough energy for one or more of its bonds to break.
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What is our main source of energy?
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Fossil fuels (eg oil, coal and natural gas).
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What is a superconductor?
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An element or ceramic compound that will conduct electricity without resistance below a certain temperature.
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What is an alloy?
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A mixture of metals combined in ratios that produce desirable properties.
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What are ceramics?
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Materials like clay, glass and concrete.
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What are plastics made of?
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Crude oil.
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What is a scientific theory?
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A tested scientific belief based on many observations.
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What are organelles?
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Small structures located in cells.
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What is the difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic?
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Eukaryotic means the cell has a nucleus, whereas prokaryotic means the cell has no nucleus.
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What is the order or cells?
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Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems (eg circulatory)
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What is a multicellular organism?
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An organism that is composed of many specialized cells.
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How many different varieties of cells are in the human body?
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Around 200.
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What is the equation for photosynthesis?
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carbon dioxide + water + light --> glucose + oxygen
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What does homeostatis mean?
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The internal environment remains the same regardless of external changes.
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What is the role of the hypothalamus?
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To send out hormones to make changes in the body when changes are detected by the nervous system and sensory receptors.
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In DNA, what does A + T stand for?
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Adenine, Thymine.
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In DNA, what does C + G stand for?
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Cytosine, Guanine.
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What binds the strands of DNA together?
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Alternating strands of sugar and phosphate. Sugar is on the DNA.
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What is a codon?
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A set of 3 genes.
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Each codon’s combination of bases triggers the creation of an amino acid (one of the 20), which in turn is part of a protein strand.
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Each codon’s combination of bases triggers the creation of an amino acid (one of the 20), which in turn is part of a protein strand.
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What is the role of proteins?
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Proteins determine characteristics.
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What is cloning?
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Producing exact, multiple copies of a single gene or cell.
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What are plasmids?
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Circular pieces of DNA found naturally in bacteria.
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What is therapeutic cloning?
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The cloning of certain body tissue, muscles or cells.
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How is therapeutic cloning done?
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A person’s DNA is extracted from a body cell and placed in an egg. After a few days, the stem cells are removed from the egg and inserted back into the body.
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What is a transgenic organism?
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An animal or plant that has been inserted with modified genes.
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What is natural selection (survival of the fittest)?
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The animals most suited to the environment survive. They reproduce, and create a whole generation that suite.
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What is an example of comparative anatomy?
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Horses. Their ancestors from 60 million years ago in fossils with common forelimbs.
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What is an example of comparative embryology?
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Human embryos, in comparison to other animals with similar vertebrates.
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What is an example of biogeography?
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Birds that separate and evolve into their own species.
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What does the biosphere comprise of?
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Parts of the Earth's crust and the atmosphere.
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What is a habitat?
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The place and environment in which an organism lives.
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What is eutrophication?
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The process in which polluted water becomes stagnant. Including the algae that feed on the water and the bacteria that decomposes the dead plants.
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What percentage of the atmosphere is nitrogen?
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78%
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Why are plants called consumers?
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They are the initial food source for consumers, which continues into a food chain.
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What is used to predict and explain changes in a community?
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Biomass and energy pyramids.
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How did fossil fuels come into existence?
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They formed in the earth's crust millions of years ago.
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How fast can alpha particles travel?
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One tenth the speed of light.
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What is the limit of alpha particles?
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Thick sheet of paper.
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What is the limit of beta particles?
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1mm sheet of aluminium.
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How fast can beta particles travel?
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Nine tenths the speed of light.
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What is a use of radioisotopes?
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Radiotherapy. Cancer cells are sensitive to nuclear radiation.
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What causes tides?
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The gravitational pull on the moon.
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What is the formula to find the final speed?
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final speed = starting speed + acceleration x time taken
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What is the formula for acceleration?
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change in speed/time taken for change
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What is displacement?
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How far you end up from where you started, and in which direction.
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What is velocity?
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Speed in a given direction.
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What is an igneous rock?
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A rock that has solidified from magma.
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What is a sedimentary rock?
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Rocks that can be taken by fluids.
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What is a metamorphic rock?
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A rock that has been changed due to pressure and/or heat.
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What is oxidisation?
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The process in which an element loses electrons to become an ion.
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What do metals oxidise to form?
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Positive Ions.
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What are the 2 substances required for iron to rust?
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Oxygen and water
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State 2 things that speed up the rate of rusting.
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Salt and heat.
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What is displacement?
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How far you end up from where you started, and in which direction.
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What is speed?`
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The rate in which distance is covered.
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How do you calculate average speed?
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distance travelled / time taken
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What is velocity?
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Speed in a given direction
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How do you calculate distance?
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speed x time
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How do you calculate acceleration?
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change in speed (start and finish) / time taken for change
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How do you calculate final speed?
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starting speed + acceleration x time taken
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What is a force?
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A push, pull or twist that causes an object to change in speeds direction or shape.
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What is Newton's first law?
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Anything at rest will stay at rest unless acted upon. Anything that is moving will keep moving at the same speed, in the same direction unless a force changes it.
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What is mass?
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The amount of matter in an object
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What is Newton's second law?
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An object will accelerate if a force is applied to it. Acceleration will depend on the mass of the object and the amount of force applied.
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What is Newton's third law?
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For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction force.
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What is gravity?
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The rate of acceleration at which things fall.
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What is weight?
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The force on a mass caused by gravity.
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What is terminal velocity?
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Where an object is falling at a constant speed and there can be no more acceleration.
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