Science

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Cellula

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Small compartment

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Micrographia

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First detailed handbook on microscopy and imaging

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Matthias Schleiden

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Stated that all plants are made up of cells

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Theodor Schwann

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Stated that all animals are composed of cells

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Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow

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Postulated the idea of omnis cellula e cellula (all cells come from cells)

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Theory of Spontaneous Generation

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Theory that states that organisms came from non living things

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John Needham

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Believed that life can arise spontaneously

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Semipermeable Membrane

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Allows oxygen and CO2 to enter

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Microvilli

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Finger like folds cell membrane that boost the cell absorption process

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Electrolytes

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Substance that produces electrically conducting solutions, metabolites and other substances produced during metabolism

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Glycolysis

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Conversion of glucose into another form

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Microfilament

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Cytoskeleton filament that is composed of actin (contractile protein). For cell movement and keeps organelles in place

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Microtubule

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Cytoskeleton filament that is composed of tubulin (globular proteins). For transportation also called as "roadways" or "conveyor belts"

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Cytosol

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Molecules derived from digested food enter _____ to begin oxidation

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Lysosomes

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Indigested foom remains in the _____

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Axoneme

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Central core of flagella and cillia

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Peptidoglycan

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Composed of amino acids and sugars. It provides structure and protection to the cell wall against bacteria

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Chitin

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Serves as the cell's structural support against fungi

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Stroma

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Found inside the choloroplast. It is a colourless fluid surrounded by grana

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Thylakoids

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Flattened sacs inside a chloroplast bounded by pigmented membranes on which light reactions of photosynthesis take place, arranged in stacks or grana

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Cis face

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End of golgi body where substances enter from the endoplasmic reticulum for processing

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Trans face

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Part of the golgi body where they exit in the form of smaller detached vesicle

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Fluid Mosaic Model

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Most acceptable cell membrane model

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Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicolson

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Published a paper titled " The fluid mosaic model of the structure of cell membrane" in 1972

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RBC glycolipids

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Lipids with carbohydrate chains

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Rhesus Factor

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Determines + or - blood types. Substance which produce antibodies that fight diseases

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Agglutination

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Process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody called isoaglutinin. This term is commonly used in blood grouping

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O RH D negative blood

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Universal donors

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AB RH D positive

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Universal recepients

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Karl Landsteiner

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Discover the blood types

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Glycolysis

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First stage of aerobic respiration that takes place in the cytoplasm

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Citric acid cycle or Kreb cycle

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Second stage of aerobic respiration

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Electron transport chain

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Third stage of aerobic respiration that produces up to 34 molecules of ATP duting its process

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Central dogma of molecular biology

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Describes the two step process, transciptiom and translation, by which the information in genes flows in this way: DNA---RNA---protein

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Transcription

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Synthesis of an RNA copy of a segment of DNA

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Robert Whittaker

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Proposed a five-kingdom scheme: plantae, animalia, fungi, protista, monera

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Plantae

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Multicellular plants that acquire nutrients through photsynthesis

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Bryophytes

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Non flowering plants

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Pteridophytes

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Have stems, leaves and roots but do not have flowers and seeds

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Gymnosperms

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Seed producing plants

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Angiosperms

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Flowering plants

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Phylum Bryopytha

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Mosses

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Phylum Pterophyta

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Ferns

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Phylum Coniferophyta

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Conifers

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Phylum Anthophyta

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Flowering plants

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Animalia

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Multicellular, and move with the aid of cilia, flagella, or muscular organs based on contractile proteins. Acquire nutrients by ingestion

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Fungi

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Multicellular with a cell wall, organelles including a nucleus, but no chloroplast. They have no mechanisms for locomotion

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Protista

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Single-celled eukaryotes and are mainly aquatic. Mostly marine and photosynthetic organisms

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Monera

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Primitive organism consists of prokaryotes which includes species like the bacteria, archaea bacteria, cyanobacteria and mycoplasma

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Echinoderms

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Animals that have radial symmetry (starfish)

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Gibberellins

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Plant hormones responsible for growth

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Pistil

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Female part and usually located at the center of the flower. The ovule producing part of the flower

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Stamen

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Pollen producing part of the flower, male part, and usually surround the pistil

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Endoskeleton

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Skeleton that is inside of the body

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Exoskeleton

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External skeleton taht support and protects animal's body. Found in shell, lobsters, ants, scorpions and etc

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Hydrostatic skeleton

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Skeleton structure found in many soft bodied animals consisting of a fluid filled cavity, the coelom, surrounded by muscles. Examples are eathworms, jellyfish, starfish and etc.

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Trypsin

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Enzymes that aids digestion by breaking down proteins

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Gastrin

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Peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility

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Ptyalin

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Capable of breaking down starch into simpler sugars such as maltose and dextrin that can be further broken down in the small intestine

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Lipase

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Pancreatic enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol or other alcohols

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Larynx

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Also known as the voice box. Acts as defense mechanism

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Oogenesis

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Differentiation of the ovum (egg cell) into a cell competent to further development when fertilized

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Spermatogenesis

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Process in which spermatozoa are produced from spernatogonial stem cells by way of mitosis and meoisis