Science 10 - Chapter 8

Front 1

What do we call the study of the earth?

Back 1

Geology

Front 2

In what three major sections can the earth's interior be divided, based on its composition?

Back 2

Crust, Mantle, Core

Front 3

What do we call earth's outer layer of rock?

Back 3

The Crust

Front 4

Where is the earth's crust thickest?

Back 4

Beneath mountain ranges (on the continents)

Front 5

Where is the earth's crust thinnest?

Back 5

beneath the oceans

Front 6

What rock largely composes the portion of the earth's crust beneath the continents?

Back 6

Granite

Front 7

What rock composes the portion of the earth's crust beneath the oceans?

Back 7

basalt

Front 8

what is the term for deposits of sand and mineral fragments, usually laid down by water?

Back 8

sediments

Front 9

What is the most abundant element in the earth's crust?

Back 9

oxygen

Front 10

What is the second most abundant element?

Back 10

silicone

Front 11

What is the third most abundant element?

Back 11

aluminum

Front 12

What do we call the middle layer of the earth's interior?

Back 12

the mantle

Front 13

What is the name of the boundary between the crust and the mantle?

Back 13

Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho)

Front 14

What are the three divisions of the mantle?

Back 14

upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle

Front 15

what term is used to describe mantle rocks under such high pressure that they can be slowly deformed without breaking?

Back 15

plastic rock

Front 16

What do we call the central portion of the earth?

Back 16

The core

Front 17

What is the name of the boundary between the mantle and the core?

Back 17

Gutenberg Discontinuity

Front 18

What are the two divisions of the earth's core?

Back 18

Outer Core and Inner core

Front 19

Which core is thought to consist of a very hot, very dense liquid?

Back 19

outer core

Front 20

Is the inner core thought to be a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma?

Back 20

a solid

Front 21

What do we call the theory that the earth's crust is composed of several plates that "float" like rats on the plastic rock of the upper mantle?

Back 21

Plate tectonics

Front 22

What do advocates of plate tectonics call the region of plastic rock in the upper mantle?

Back 22

the asthenosphere

Front 23

what collective term is used to describe the plates?

Back 23

lithosphere

Front 24

What is the name of the hypothetical land mass that some people believe once contained all of the present-day continents?

Back 24

Pangaea

Front 25

What is a fault?

Back 25

a fracture zone formed when a layer of rock breaks and moves

Front 26

What are the three types of faults?

Back 26

normal fault, strike-slip fault, thrust fault

Front 27

which type of fault involves one layer of rock being pushed on top of other rocks?

Back 27

thrust fault

Front 28

Which type of fault occurs when rocks along one side of a fault sink vertically?

Back 28

normal fault

Front 29

What type of geologic structure is formed by the bending or buckling of rocks under great force?

Back 29

a fold

Front 30

What do we call an archlike fold produced when rocks buckle upward during folding?

Back 30

anticline

Front 31

Which type of fold is formed when rocks are bent downward during the folding process, producing a trough-shaped structure?

Back 31

syncline

Front 32

What are the four broad categories of mountains, based on how they apparently formed?

Back 32

Volcanic, domed, folded, fault-block

Front 33

What type of mountains are thought to have been formed when the rocks along one side of a fault were forced upward while the rocks on the other side sank?

Back 33

Fault-block mountains

Front 34

What type of mountains are thought to have been formed with the edges of two adjacent rock layers were pushed violently together, causing the layers to buckle like a wrinkled rug?

Back 34

folded mountains

Front 35

what is the largest known volcanic mountain on earth?

Back 35

Mauna Kea (part of the island Hawaii)

Front 36

What mountain range in South Dakota is an example of domed mountains?

Back 36

the Black Hills

Front 37

What two U.S. mountain ranges are mentioned in the text as examples of folded mountains?

Back 37

Appalachians, Rockies

Front 38

What two U.S. mountain ranges are mentioned in the text as examples of fault block mountains?

Back 38

Great Basin and Range province; Sierra Nevada

Front 39

What is an earthquake?

Back 39

any trembling or shaking of the earth's crust

Front 40

What is a tectonic earthquake?

Back 40

an earthquake that results from sudden movements of rock beneath the earths surface

Front 41

What do we call the smaller earthquakes or tremors that often follow a major earthquake at frequent interval?

Back 41

aftershocks

Front 42

What is the science of studying earthquakes?

Back 42

Seismology

Front 43

What is the primary cause of tectonic earthquakes?

Back 43

the sudden movement of rock masses along a fault (faulting)

Front 44

What does the elastic rebound theory state?

Back 44

Rocks on either side of a fault spring back to a position of little or no strain at the moment of an earthquake, producing vibrations in the earth's crust.

Front 45

What is a short cliff sometimes produced along a fault as a result of an earthquake?

Back 45

Fault scarp

Front 46

What term refers to smooth-faced fault scarps formed by movement along a fault?

Back 46

slickensides

Front 47

What major strike-slip fault is found in western California?

Back 47

Aan Andreas fault

Front 48

what is the focus of an earthquake?

Back 48

the point at which the earthquake begins

Front 49

What is the epicentre of an earthquake?

Back 49

the point on the earth's surface directly above the focus

Front 50

what are the three categories of earth quakes according to the depths at which they originate?

Back 50

shallow-focus earthquakes, intermediate-focus earth-quakes, deep-focus earthquakes.

Front 51

What type of earthquake is the most common?

Back 51

Shallow focus earthquakes

Front 52

What type of subsurface earthquake waves consists of a rhythmic push-pull motion in the direction of wave travel?

Back 52

P Waves (primary waves)

Front 53

What type of subsurface earthquake waves consist of a rhythmic side-to-side motion that occurs at right angles to the direction of wave travel?

Back 53

S waves (secondary waves)

Front 54

What ind of seismic waves may some times be seen moving along the ground like waves in the water.

Back 54

Surface waves

Front 55

What kind of instrument is used to record and study earthquake vibrations?

Back 55

seismograph

Front 56

What do we call the record of earthquake vibrations produced by a seismograph?

Back 56

seismogram

Front 57

Which type of earthquake waves travel the fastest, S waves, or P waves?

Back 57

P waves first, then S waves, then surface waves.

Front 58

How many seismograph stations must record an earthquake in order for scientists to be able to pinpoint the earthquake's focus and epicenter?

Back 58

at least THREE

Front 59

What earthquake zone borders the Pacific Ocean?

Back 59

The Circum-Pacific belt

Front 60

What earthquake zone extends from southern Europe into Asia?

Back 60

Mediterranean-Trans-Asiatic belt

Front 61

What is the most active earthquake belt in the world?

Back 61

Circum-Pacific belt

Front 62

What scale of earthquake strength rates earthquakes by the damage they produce?

Back 62

Mercalli scale

Front 63

What famous scale of earthquake strength rates earthquakes by certain characteristics of their patterns on a certain type of seismogram?

Back 63

Richter Scale

(This scales going to make me famous!)

Front 64

What well-known volcano in Washington's cascade Range erupted violently in 1980?

Back 64

Mt. St. Helens

Front 65

What is a volcano?

Back 65

an opening in the earth's surface through which hot gases, ash, and molten rock are ejected from the earth's interior.

Front 66

What do we call the channel in a volcano through which gases, ash and rock are ejected?

Back 66

vent

Front 67

What is magma?

Back 67

molten rock beneath the surface of the earth

Front 68

What is the study of volcanoes called?

Back 68

Volcanology

Front 69

What are the three categories of volcanoes?

Back 69

Cinder-cone
Shield
composite

Front 70

which type of volcano consists of alternating layers of lava and rock fragments (cinders), forming a symmetrical, wide based volcanic mountain?

Back 70

composite volcano

Front 71

Which type of broad, gently sloping volcano is formed when large quantities of highly fluid lava solidify?

Back 71

Shield Volcano

Front 72

Which type of volcano consists primarily of loose fragments of volcanic rock?

Back 72

Cinder-cone volcano

Front 73

What are three categories into which volcanoes can be classified based on their history and likelihood of eruption?

Back 73

Active, dormant, extinct

Front 74

What is an active volcano?

Back 74

A volcano that has erupted in the last 50 years

Front 75

What is a dormant volcano?

Back 75

a volcano that erupted many years ago and is now inactive

Front 76

What is an extinct volcano?

Back 76

a volcano that will probably not erupt again.

Front 77

What is the name of the narrow zone of active volcanoes that nearly encircles the Pacific Ocean Basin?

Back 77

Ring of Fire

Front 78

What earthquake zone does the Ring of Fire correspond to?

Back 78

Circum-Pacific Belt

Front 79

What two factors seem to determine the violence of a volcano's eruption?

Back 79

The viscosity of the magma and the amount of the dissolved gas and the magma contains

Front 80

what is Ejecta?

Back 80

Any substance emitted by an active volcano

Front 81

What is lava?

Back 81

molten rock that flows from volcanoes

Front 82

what type of solidified lava has a rough jagged surface and a crumbly texture?

Back 82

AA lava

Front 83

What type of solidified lava has a smooth or ropy surface?

Back 83

pahoehoe lava

Front 84

What type of hardened lava is often formed when molten lava is emitted underwater?

Back 84

pillow lava

Front 85

What is the general term for particles or blocks of solid volcanic ejecta?

Back 85

pyroclasts

Front 86

What are four types of pyroclasts based upon size and shape?

Back 86

Volcanic ash, volcanic cinders, volcanic blocks, volcanic bombs

Front 87

which type of pyroclast is formed when lava is thrown high into the air while still in liquid or semi-liquid state and hardens into rock before it hits the ground?

Back 87

Volcanic bomb

Front 88

What is a nuée ardente?

Back 88

a superheated incandescent cloud of gas and volcanic ash that travels swiftly down a volcanic slope as a avalanche; (a glowing avalanche)

Front 89

What is a huge bowl-shape crater in the ground thought to e formed by the collapse of an underground magma chamber?

Back 89

caldera

Front 90

what is the general term for masses of igneous rock that form when the magma hardens in cracks and fissures beneath the earth's surface?

Back 90

igneous intrusions

Front 91

what type of igneous intrusion consists of a vertical, sheetlike mass of igneous rock, formed when magma squeezes into a vertical fissure and hardens?

Back 91

dike

Front 92

What type of igneous intrusion is formed when magma squeezes into a horizontal fissure and hardens?

Back 92

sill

Front 93

what are two types of dome like igneous intrusions?

Back 93

laccoliths and batholiths.