Science 10 Unit C : Biology Review

Front 1

Differences between Hooke and van Leewenhoek's microscopes.

Back 1

Hooke’s microscope used a three-lens system;that is, it was a compound microscope, where a svan Leeuwenhoek’s microscope used only one hand-held lens. Hooke used light directed onto the specimen through a water-filled glass. Van Leeuwenhoek used only bright daylight.

Front 2

What problems did early microscope technology have? How were they overcome?

Back 2

Blurry images seen through early compound ligh microscopes were associated with problems in lens technology. These problem were over come by using achromatic lenses to control the halo of light around the specimen, and the amount of detail seen.

Front 3

Adhesion

Back 3

Tendency of unlike molecules to stick together.

Front 4

Auxin

Back 4

Type of plant hormone that promotes cell growth or elongation.

Front 5

Cell Theory

Back 5

States all living things are made up of cells, and all cells came from pre-existing cells.

Front 6

Cellular Respiration

Back 6

Breakdown of glucose molecules to release chemical energy a cell can use.

C6H1202+6O2=6CO2+6H20+energy

glucose+oxygen = carbon dioxide + water

Front 7

Cohesion

Back 7

The tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together.

Front 8

Concentration Gradient

Back 8

Difference within a given area between the highest and lowest concentration of a particular substance.

Front 9

Confocal Technology

Back 9

Systems that use the light microscope, laser beams and computers to produce 3D images from a combination of many perfectly focused thin sections.

Front 10

Control Systems

Back 10

Systems within plants that produce definite responses to specific stimuli.

Front 11

Controlled Experiment

Back 11

An experiment in which each variable is controlled in turn, allowing the experimenter to determine the effect of each.

Front 12

Cytoplasmic Streaming

Back 12

The motion transports nutrients, proteins, and organelles within cells

Front 13

Electron Microscope (EM)

Back 13

A microscope that uses a beam of electrons to produce images of fine detail.

Front 14

Fluid Mosaic Model

Back 14

Description of the arrangement of protein molecules in the fluid double layer of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane.

Front 15

Guard Cells

Back 15

Specialized epidermal cell that swells and contracts to control gas exchange through stomata in a leaf.

Front 16

Gravitropism

Back 16

Directional plant growth in response to gravity.

Positive: Growth with the force of gravity.

Negative: Growth against the force of gravity.

Front 17

Hormone

Back 17

Chemical compound that travels from its production site to other sites where it produces an effect.

Front 18

Open System

Back 18

System that exchanges both matter and energy with its surroundings.

Front 19

Organelles

Back 19

Structure that performs a specific function in a cell.

Front 20

Photosynthesis

Back 20

Process in which carbon dioxide and water in the presence of light energy producing glucose and oxygen.

Front 21

Phototropism

Back 21

Directional plant growth in response to light.

Positive: Grows towards light source.

Negative: Grows away from light source.

Front 22

Plasmolysis

Back 22

During plasmolysis in plant cells, water leaves thecell through osmosis, and the central vacuoleshrinks. The cell membrane around the cytoplasmalso shrinks away from the cell wall. The cell wallis rigid, so the shape of the cell is maintained, butit loses some of its firmness. The plant wiltsbecause of this loss of firmness.

Front 23

Pressure Difference

Back 23

The difference in pressure of two substances may cause movement of substances.

Front 24

Spontaneous Generation

Back 24

The idea that life could emerge from non living matter. Disproved by Louis Pasteur.

Front 25

Stomata

Back 25

Pores that allow gases to pass through the epidermis of a leaf.

Front 26

System

Back 26

Set of organs that performs one or more functions as a unit.

Front 27

Tissue

Back 27

Group of similar cells that perform a specific function.

Front 28

Tonicity

Back 28

Term that relates the concentration of solute particles in solutions.

ex. Hypertonic, Isotonic and Hypotonic.

Front 29

Transpiration

Back 29

Transpiration is the process of water leaving theleaf through stomata. Transpiration has the effectof drawing water upwards through the plant fromthe roots, due to the cohesion between watermolecules.

Front 30

Turgor Pressure

Back 30

Turgor pressure is the pressure applied by wateragainst the cell wall in plants, when water entersthe cell due to concentration differences. It isimportant to the plant cells because it givesrigidity to the plant as a whole and helps to keepthe leaves spread out for exposure to light energyfrom the Sun

Front 31

How was Francesco Redi's experiment controlled?

Back 31

Francesco Redi’s investigation was a controlled experiment in the sense that he manipulated one variable (the access of flies to the meat) in order to see the response in another variable(development of maggots in the meat) and he held all other variables, such as the type and amount of meat and the type of container, constant.

Front 32

How was Spontaneous Generation disproved?

Back 32

Pasteur ended the debate with his experiment, in which he placed meat broth into flasks and heated them to boiling point. One flask was left open to the air completely. The neck of the other was bent in to an S shape, which would allow air to pass into the flask, but would trap air-borne particles in the S bend. In this way he showed that the air-borne particles were necessary for the growth of the mould.

Front 33

Contributions to the cell theory:

Robert Brown

Back 33

Brown was the first scientist who in observing the nucleus (in orchid cells) suggested that it must have some importance in cell function.

Front 34

Contributions to the cell theory:

Matthias Schleiden

Back 34

Schleiden observed that all plants were composed of cells and proposed that the nucleus was the structure responsible for the development of the rest of the cell.

Front 35

Contributions to the cell theory:

Theodor Schwann

Back 35

Schwann identified both cells and nuclei in animal tissue.

Front 36

Contributions to the cell theory:

Rudolf Virchow

Back 36

Virchow made the statement that all cells arise only from pre-existing cells.

Front 37

Resolving Power and what can limit it.

Back 37

Resolving power is the ability to distinguish between two structures that are very close together. The wavelength of light limits the resolving power of light microscopes.

Front 38

Advantages of an Electron Microscope

Back 38

The advantage of using an electron microscope is that the resolution of the system is many times greater than that of a light microscope, so the detail that can be seen in images is much greater.Surface structures can be examined.

Front 39

Disadvantages of an Electron Microscope

Back 39

Disadvantages are that specimens must be fixed in he TEM, and therefore living specimens cannot be examined and also that building up a three dimensional picture from thin sections is difficult because the area covered by each image is very small.

Front 40

Advantages of conducting cell research at molecular level.

Back 40

The advantages of conducting cell research at the molecular level are that new information and understanding are gained about the way that molecules function in cells. This increases our understanding of the cell as a whole and may allow applications to medicine and other subjects.

Front 41

Advantage and Disadvantage of treating cells w/ stains.

Back 41

One advantage of staining a specimen is that it allows us to see the structures of the specimen more clearly. One disadvantage is that stains “fix”the cells, so they are no longer alive.

Front 42

How can fluorescent microscopy increase our knowledge of cell structure?

Back 42

Fluorescence microscopy allows us to observe the location of specific structures in the cell and may allow study of differences in protein structure between healthy and diseased tissues.

Front 43

What unit of measurement is usually used w/ measuring cells and their components?

Back 43

The micrometre is the unit of measurement mostcommonly used to measure the cell and its parts.1 µm = 10-6 m

Front 44

Nucleus

Back 44

The nucleus directs all cell activities and contains the genetic material of the cell.

Front 45

Central Vacuole

Back 45

The central vacuole is a structure in plant cells that stores water and nutrients for the cell’s use. The vacuole swells when fluids enter, and causes the cell to become firm or rigid. This condition is called turgidity.

Front 46

Cell Wall

Back 46

The cell wall is a structure found in plants,bacteria, protists, and fungi. It provides strength and support to the cell.

Front 47

Rate of Diffusion in relation to Surface Area: Volume ration

Back 47

The rate of diffusion decreases as the ratio of surface area to volume decreases.

Front 48

What cell structures are visible through a light microscope?

Back 48

The cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, cell wall,and chloroplasts are visible through a light microscope.

Front 49

Diffusion

Back 49

Diffusion is the natural movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, with the end result being a state of equilibrium.

Front 50

Osmosis

Back 50

Osmosis is the term used to describe the diffusion of water

Front 51

What processes do cells use to stay alive?

(Throwback to the 7 signs of a living thing lmao)

Back 51

Cells must be able to take in nutrients, grow,respond to stimuli, exchange gases, and removewastes

Front 52

Vesicle

Back 52

A vesicle is a sac formed from a section of the cell membrane that pinches off to surround andcontain a large particle

Front 53

How can liposomes transfer both water soluble and fat soluble medications.

Back 53

Liposomes can transport water-soluble medications in the water trapped on the inside ofthe sac and fat-soluble medications in the phospholipid membrane

Front 54

Meristem

Back 54

Meristem: an area in the plant in which growth occurs, due to a high rate of mitosis (cell division).

Front 55

Shoot System

Back 55

Shoot system: all those parts of the plant that are above the level of the ground and also any modified stems like tubers.

Front 56

Three Main types of plant tissue and functions.

Back 56

The three main types of plant tissues are dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. Dermal tissue is responsible for the exchange of matter and gases with the environment. Depending on its location within the plant, ground tissue provides strength and support, stores food and water, and performs photosynthesis. Vascular tissues move materials through the plant; xylem moves water and dissolved minerals, phloem moves sugars and water.

Front 57

Why aren't light and chlorophyll considered reactants in the photosynthesis equation?

Back 57

Light and chlorophyll are not considered reactantsor products because they are not produced or used up during the chemical reaction

Front 58

What makes up a vascular bundle?

Back 58

A vascular bundle is made up of grouped xylemand phloem tissues.

Front 59

Xylem vs. Phloem

Back 59

Xylem transports water and salts; phloem transports sugars.

Front 60

Tropism

Back 60

A tropism is a plant’s response to a stimulus.

ex. Phototropism and Gravitropism

Front 61

SOLVE ON A SHEET OF PAPER:

If 16 protists fit across a low power field of view having a field diameter of 4800µm, what is the size of each protist?

Back 61

1 protist = 16/4800 µm = 300 µm

Front 62

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 62

Facilitated diffusion occurs when carrier proteins allow particles that are too large to pass the cell membrane on their own to move along the concentration gradient from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration. An example of facilitated diffusion is movement of glucose.

Front 63

What is the advantage to the plant of cytoplasmic streaming that allows chloroplasts to move around the cell?

Back 63

Cytoplasmic streaming allows the products of photosynthesis to move more quickly throughout the cell because the cytoplasm carries with it the chloroplasts that perform the process.

Front 64

What is the advantage for plants to have palisade mesophyll cells arranged in a fence like pattern?

Back 64

The advantage to having the palisade mesophyll cells arranged in a fence-like pattern is that they are packed tightly together and a greater number of cells are exposed to the Sun, as they contain a lot of chloroplasts.

Front 65

Pressure-Flow Theory

Back 65

The pressure-flow theory describes the movement of sugar molecules through the phloem from the sites of photosynthesis. Carrier proteins in thec ompanion cells use active transport to move sugars into the sieve tube cells. Water follows by osmosis, and also enters the sieve tube cells. As the pressure increases in the cells, the water and the sugars get pushed along through the phloem to a sink. The pressure differences drive the movement of substances through the phloem.

Front 66

What is a "sink"?

Back 66

Root, Tuber, Fruit, etc.

Front 67

Why do cells in a stem need to be turgid?

Back 67

Turgidity is important particularly in the stem because it makes the plant rigid and able to stand upright.

Front 68

Particle model of matter

Back 68

1. All matter is made of particles.

2. Particles are constantly moving.

3. Are attracted to each other or bonded.

4.Particles have space between them.

Front 69

Hypertonic

Back 69

Solute with higher solute concentration than another solution

Front 70

Hypotonic

Back 70

Solute with lower solute concentration than another solution.

Front 71

Isotonic

Back 71

Solute with the same solute concentration as another solution.

Front 72

Sieve tube cells

Back 72

Cylindrical, no nuclei walls; Allow conduction of Phloem

Front 73

Cuticle

Back 73

Waxy, non-cellular waterproof coating on leaves and stem; Helps with uptake of water and minerals from soil and support.

Front 74

5 CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS

Back 74

Lipids, Carbohydrates, Protein, Nucleic Acids and water.

Front 75

Cell Membrane

Back 75

Protective Barrier for cell.

Front 76

Cytoplasm

Back 76

Gel like substance in cell membrane that contains nutrients, required to carry on life; organelles are suspended in it.

Front 77

Nucleus

Back 77

Contains DNA and directs cell activities. "The Brain".

Front 78

Lysosome

Back 78

Membrane bound sacs in the cell in which digestion occurs; Defends against bacteria, destroys damaged organelles and controlled digestion of certain tissues during development.

"The Intestines",.

Front 79

Vacuole

Back 79

Stores nutrients, products of secretion and fats; In plants the central one stores water.

"The Storage Room".

Front 80

MITOCHONDRIA IS THE POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL

Back 80

Rod-like structures where reactions occur to convert chemical energy into energy the cell can use; ex. produces energies needed w/ ATP

"The Powerhouse of the Cell".

Front 81

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 81

Series of interconnected small tubes that branch from the nuclear envelope in which materials can be transferred; Smooth: Associated w/ fats & oil production. Rough: Has ribosomes attached to it -> where protein synthesis occurs.

Front 82

Golgi Apparatus

Back 82

Flat disc shaped sacs involved in secretion; Receives substances and packages them for transport out of the cell.

"The Booty."

Front 83

Ribosomes

Back 83

Dense looking granules formed of two parts, may be attached to rough ER or free in cytoplasm; Site where amino acids are assembled into proteins by protein synthesis.

Front 84

Chloroplast

Back 84

Contains Chlorophyll which produces green colour; Site of photosynthesis.

Front 85

Cell Wall

Back 85

Rigid frame around plant cells that give strength and support.

Front 86

Cytoskeleton

Back 86

Network of protein fibres that support cells that contain nuclei.

Front 87

Channel Proteins

Back 87

Protein in cell membrane that forms a passageway through which specific solutes can pass via diffusion.

Front 88

Carrier Proteins

Back 88

Present in cell membrane; Binds to a specific molecule and transports it through the membrane.

Front 89

Ways to speed up diffusion

Back 89

1. Adding Energy

2. Stirring

3. Heating

Front 90

Endocytosis

Back 90

Uptake of particles or molecules via the formation of a vesicle from the cell membrane; Requires energy from ATP.

Remember, "EN" = particles "IN"

Front 91

Exocytosis

Back 91

Release of molecules from a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane to export the molecules from the cell; Requires energy from ATP.

Remember, "EX" = particles "EXITING"

Front 92

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 92

The nucleotide that releases stored energy in a cell.

Front 93

Reverse Osmosis

(Don't you dare say "its the reverse of osmosis" be more specific!!!!!!!)

Back 93

Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from LOW to HIGH concentration; Requires energy. Ex. Pump pushing water from low to high.

Front 94

Active Transport

Back 94

Movement of molecules from low to high concentration; Requires energy.

Front 95

X-RAY Crystallography

Back 95

Study of the structure of molecules by means of X-rays, special sensors that analyze patterns of x-ray scattering and computer technology.