Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
199 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
Produces the egg cell |
Ovary |
The main reproductive organ of the female reproductive system |
|
|
Passageway of the egg cell from the ovary to the uterus. |
Fallopian Tube |
The site of Fertilization |
|
|
The part where the zygote grows and develops |
Uterus |
|
|
|
Separates the uterus from the vagina |
Cervix |
Stays closed until the female gives birth |
|
|
Hollow tube that serves as the passageway out of the female reproductive system |
Vagina |
|
|
|
Produces semen, which contains the sperm. |
Testes |
The main organ of the male reproductive system |
|
|
Stores the sperm and serves as the site for sperm cell maturation |
Epididymis |
|
|
|
Bag or pouch like that holds the testes |
Scrotum |
|
|
|
Hollow tube that contains the urethra |
Penis |
|
|
|
Passageway for both urine and semen |
Urethra |
|
|
|
Long transport tube carrying the sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct |
Vas Deferens |
|
|
|
Formed by the Vas Deferens and Seminal Vesicle that carries sperm to the urethra |
Ejaculatory Duct |
|
|
|
Secretes alkeline fluid that contains sugar providing energy to the sperm cell |
Seminal Vesicle |
|
|
|
Releases a milky fluid that liquefies the semen, making the sperm move faster |
Prostate Gland |
|
|
|
Secretes and alkeline substance that neutralizes the acid from the urine to protect the sperm |
Bulbourethral Gland |
|
|
|
The part of the neutron that takes information away from the cell body |
Axon |
|
|
|
Lobe of the brain that is important for smelling and hearing |
Temporal Lobe |
|
|
|
Regulates the smooth, cardiac muscles and other glands |
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) |
|
|
|
This hemisphere controls different skills such as speaking, writing, numerical and scientific skills. |
Left Hemisphere |
|
|
|
Mixed Nerves that interact directly wih the spinal cord to modulate motor and sensory information from the body's periphery |
Spinal Nerves |
|
|
|
Region in the brain stem that connects the parts of the brain and helps control breathing |
Pons |
|
|
|
Part of the brain that control the sense of sight |
Occipital Lobe |
|
|
|
Nerves responsible for all voluntary skeletal and somatic movement such as moving the leg or arm |
Motor Neurons |
|
|
|
Nerves that connect to the skeletal muscles |
Somatic Nervous System |
|
|
|
Part of the brain that connects the brain and the spinal cord |
Brain Stem |
|
|
|
Tha major controlling regulatory, and communicating system in our body. |
Nervous System |
|
|
|
The processing center of the nervous system |
Central Nervous System |
|
|
|
Somatic Nervous System |
- Motor Nerves - Spinal Nerves - Cranial Nerves |
|
|
|
Regulates involuntary physiological processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and digestion |
Autonomic Nervous System |
|
|
|
"Fight or Flight" |
Sympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
|
"Rest and Digest" |
Parasympathetic Nervous System |
|
|
|
Disorders of the Nervous System |
- Poliomyelitis - Myotonic Dystrophy - Stroke - Alzheimer's Disease - Epilepsy |
|
|
|
Its symptoms include sudden unset of high hever, fatigue, headache and muscld weakness, followed by paralysis in one or more limbs. |
Poliomyelitis |
|
|
|
The symptoms include muscle weakness and stiffness, particularly in the face, neck and hands. Also, individuals may experience fatigue, cataracts and heart rhythm abnormalities |
Myotonic Dystrophy |
|
|
|
The symptoms include sudden numbness or weakness on one side of the body, slurred speech, confusion and severe headache |
Stroke |
|
|
|
Its symptoms are: progressive memory loss, confusion, difficulty in recognizing familiar faces, disorientation in finding time and place, mood swings, and difficulty in finding words when speaking |
Alzheimer's Disease |
|
|
|
The symptoms include recurrent episodes of sudden, unprovoked seizures. The seizures manifest as convulsions, loss of consciousness and sometimes unusual sensations or behaviors before and episode. |
Epilepsy |
|
|
|
Hormones made in your thyroid gland influence your: |
- Metabolism - Energy Levels - Body Temperature - Calcium Levels |
|
|
|
Regulates the calcium levels in the blood |
Parathyroid Gland |
|
|
|
Helps keep your circadian rhythm |
Pineal Gland |
|
|
|
What does DNA mean? |
Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
|
|
|
It is made up of chains of nucleotides that consists of a five-carbon sugar |
DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
|
|
|
What does RNA mean |
Ribonucleic Acid |
|
|
|
made up of chains of nucleotides that consists of a five-carbon sugar with an oxygen atom |
RNA or Ribonucleic Acid |
|
|
|
Nitrogenous Bases of DNA |
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine |
|
|
|
Nitrogenous Bases of RNA |
Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, Cytosine |
|
|
|
A process where new copies of DNA are produced |
DNA Replication |
|
|
|
This enzyme unzips the DNA in preparation for the replication |
Helicase |
|
|
|
This enzyme joins the primers/nucleotides based on the template strand |
DNA Polymerase |
|
|
|
This enzyme joins newly attached fragments for the new copies of DNA |
DNA Ligase |
|
|
|
A process where amino acids are produced |
Protein Synthesis |
|
|
|
Types of RNA |
1. mRNA 2. tRNA 3. rRNA |
|
|
|
This type of RNA contains copies of nucleotides and serves as the template for translation |
mRNA (Messenger RNA) |
|
|
|
Carries amino acids |
tRNA (Transfer RNA); |
|
|
|
Area where proteins are assembled |
rRNA (Ribosomal RNA) |
|
|
|
RNA polymerase binds into the promoter region. |
Initiation |
|
|
|
Once the DNA is unzipped, the RNA polymerase starts to create an mRNA strand based on a DNA template strand |
Elongation |
|
|
|
Once the RNA polymerase reaches the terminator, the enzyme stops and detaches from the DNA |
Termination |
|
|
|
It is the process by which a complementary RNA molecule is synthesized from a DNA template |
Transcription |
|
|
|
the mRNA proceeds ti the Ribosome to start translation to produce amino acids |
Translation |
|
|
|
Sites of Ribosomes |
- A Site or Aminoacyl-tRNA Site - P Site or Peptidyl-tRNA site - E site or Exit Site |
|
|
|
The site where the mRNA and tRNA enters the ribosome |
A site or Aminoacyl-tRNA site |
|
|
|
The site where the amino acids of two tRNAs are binded to each other |
P site or Peptidyl-tRNA site |
|
|
|
Site where the tRNA detaches from the ribosome |
E site or Exit Site |
|
|
|
A set of three nucleotides in the mRNA |
Codon |
|
|
|
A set of three nucleotides in the tRNA that complements wirh a codon in the mRNA |
Anticodon |
|
|
|
Start Codon |
AUG |
|
|
|
Stop Codon |
UGA, UAA, UAG |
|
|
|
Errors in the pairing of nitrogenous bases in the DNA. |
Mutation |
|
|
|
Two types of mutation |
Gene Mutation Chromosomal Mutation |
|
|
|
Changes or alterations in the genes of an organism that can lead to diseases or disorders |
Gene Mutation |
|
|
|
Changes or alterations in the structure of a chromosome of an organism |
Chromosomal Mutation |
|
|
|
Types of Gene Mutation |
- Point Mutation - Missense Mutation - Nonsense Mutation - Frameshift Mutation |
|
|
|
A type of gene mutation where a nucleotide was replaced by a wrong nucleotide tide. |
Point Mutation |
|
|
|
A type of gene mutation where a substitution of an amino acid takes place |
Missense Mutation |
|
|
|
A stop codon was added to prevent the effect of a substitution in the production of proteins |
Nonsense Mutation |
|
|
|
It happens when one or a few nucleotide pairs in the DNA are deleted or inserted |
Frameshift Mutation |
|
|
|
Types of Chromosomal Mutation |
- Deletion - Duplication - Inversion - Translocation - Nondisjunction |
|
|
|
A part of a chromosome is deleted, making it shorter than the normal size |
Deletion |
|
|
|
A part of a chromosome became longer due to an extra segment attached to it |
Duplication |
|
|
|
A mutation resulting in a portion of a chromosome being in the opposite orientation |
Inversion |
|
|
|
A mutation causing one portion of a chromosome to move to a different part if the chromosome or to a differrmt chromosome altogether |
Translocation |
|
|
|
The breakdown of chromatids or chromosomes during cell division. |
Nondisjunction |
|
|
|
Disorders caused by Chromosomal Mutations |
Down Syndrome Patau Syndrome Edward's Syndrome Turner Syndrome Klinefelter Syndrome |
|
|
|
A disorder wherein a newborn is born with an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
Down Syndrome |
|
|
|
A serious, rare genetic disorder caused by having an additional copy of chromosome 13 in some or all of the body's cells. |
Patau Syndrome |
It's also called trisomy 13 |
|
|
It is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 18 and babies born with the condition usually do not survive for much longer than a week |
Edward's Syndrome |
|
|
|
A genetic disorder that occurs in girls. Girls with TS are shorter than most girls. They don't go through normal puberty as they grow into adulthood. |
Turner Syndrome |
|
|
|
It is a condition that occurs in men as a result of an extra X Chromosome. |
Klinefelter Syndrome |
|
|
|
Reflective surfaces made up of glass |
Mirror |
|
|
|
What is the Law of Reflection? |
It states that the angle of reflection is the same angle of incidence |
|
|
|
The bouncing off a light rays when it hits a surface |
Reflection |
|
|
|
2 types of reflection |
1. Regular Reflection 2. Diffused Reflection |
|
|
|
Reflection on smooth surfaces |
Regular Reflection |
|
|
|
Reflection on Rough Surfaces |
Diffused Reflection |
|
|
|
Ray that hits the surface |
Incident Ray |
|
|
|
Angle between the normal line and the incident ray |
Incident Angle |
|
|
|
Ray that gets reflected away |
Reflected Ray |
|
|
|
Angle Between the Normal line and the reflected ray |
Reflected Angle |
|
|
|
Plane Mirror |
- Always Virtual - Always Upright - The same size as the object - The same location as the object |
|
|
|
a curved mirror where the reflecting surface is the inward curve shape |
Concave Mirror |
|
|
|
a curved mirror where the reflecting surface is the outward |
Convex Mirror |
|
|
|
Transparent Materials that refract light that passes through it |
Lenses |
|
|
|
It is the bending of light when it moves across a boundary from one medium to another |
Refraction |
|
|
|
Lenses that are wider at the middle part. |
Convex Lenses |
|
|
|
Varies depending on the object's location |
Images in Convex Lenses |
|
|
|
Lenses that are wider on the edges than in the middle. The light rays passing this lens diverge, moving into different directions |
Concavs Lenses |
|
|
|
the same regardless of the object's location with respect to the lens |
Images in Concave Lenses |
|
|
|
Refers to the organic and large molecules present in food |
Biomolecules |
|
|
|
Refers to the small molecules known as the building blocks of biomolecules |
Monomers |
|
|
|
It provides a quick source of energy when consumed |
Sugar |
|
|
|
Building blocks of proteins play a vital role in muscle development and tissue repair |
Amino Acida |
|
|
|
A type of lipid which is a primary component of honeycomb structures, providing stability and support to the hive |
Waxes |
|
|
|
The DNA Code in cells is made up of nucleotides, consisting of a sugar molecule, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base |
Sugar, Phosphate, Base |
|
|
|
A polysaccharide, a complex carbohydrate made up of multiple glucose units linked together |
Starch |
|
|
|
the outer laters of our skin are rich in ______, helping to prevent dehydration |
Lipids |
|
|
|
Four examples of Biomolecules |
Carbohydratss, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids |
|
|
|
Refers to a change in the structure of proteins without breaking their peptide binds. |
Denaturation |
|
|
|
A protein that provides structural support for a chromosome. |
Histone |
|
|
|
Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide = |
Disaccharide |
|
|
|
Fructose + Glucose = |
Sucrose |
|
|
|
3 important polysaccharides in the body's metabolism |
1. Starch 2. Glycogen 3. Cellulose |
|
|
|
controls some voluntary motor functions, different moods and sense of smell |
Frontal Lobe |
|
|
|
Serves as the connection from the brain to the rest of the body |
Spinal Cord |
|
|
|
includes the motor nerves that connect to the skeletal system muscles that function voluntarily |
Somatic Nervous System |
|
|
|
controls most of the senses such as touch and taste, also responsible for controlling pain, body temperature and balance |
Parietal Lobe |
|
|
|
controls your ability to read, write and speak, also related to your mathematical and musical skills; also deals with your memory |
Cerebrum |
|
|
|
helps in smooth coordination of skeletal muscle contractions; also regulates body posture and balance |
Cerebellum |
|
|
|
associated with heartbeat, breathing, sensations and reflex control |
Medulla Oblongata |
|
|
|
three regions of the brain stem |
1. Medulla Oblongata 2. Midbrain 3. Pons |
|
|
|
has several functions that include the coordination of muscular movements and reflexes that direct the movement of the eyes, head and neck; also responsible for our startle reflex |
Midbrain |
|
|
|
has the ability to change a stimulus into an impulse or an electric signal that travels in it. |
The Nerve Cell |
|
|
|
3 parts of the neuron |
1. The cell body 2. The dendrites 3. The axon |
|
|
|
contains the nucleus and other cell organelles |
Cell body |
|
|
|
the receiving parts of the neuron |
Dendrites |
|
|
|
receive stimuli and transmit them |
Sensory neurons |
Also known as the afferent neurons |
|
|
carry the impulse away from the CNS to the effectors such as the muscles and the glands |
Motor neurons |
|
|
|
responsible for the sensory information carried by the sensory neurons and giving a response through the motor neurons |
Relay neurons or Interneurons |
|
|
|
it connects the nervous tissues together |
Neuroglia |
Also called glia or glial cells |
|
|
secretes hormones that control the growth and development of the body. |
Endocrine System |
|
|
|
travel throughout the body through the bloodstream and they are directed toward a specific part of the body. |
Hormones |
|
|
|
it controls the functions of other endocrine glands |
Pituitary Gland |
|
|
|
promotes the release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) which are responsible for the production of proteins in the body. |
Human growth hormone (HGH) |
|
|
|
helps in producing and secreting the thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland |
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) |
|
|
|
it targets the ovaries by initiating the development of the follicles in the ovary which happens monthly |
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
|
|
initiates ovulation; also controls the secretion of progesterone |
Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
|
|
|
affects the mammary glands by initiating and maintaining the production of milk especially during pregnancy |
Prolactin |
|
|
|
responsible for the production and secretion of glucocorticoids, the hormones released by the adrenal gland |
Adrenocotricotropic hormone (ACTH) |
|
|
|
activated during and after giving birth; targets the uternus to cause it to contract during giving birth; also controls milk secretion in the breasts after giving birth |
Oxytocin |
|
|
|
causes the kidneys to decrease urine production, which helps in conserving more body water; also known as vasopressin |
Antiduretic hormone |
|
|
|
controls the function of the pituitary gland |
Hypothalamus |
|
|
|
controls the secretion of the TSH |
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) |
|
|
|
stimulates the production of FSH and LH |
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
|
|
|
initiates the secretion of the ACTH |
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) |
|
|
|
secretes the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine or thyroid hormones |
Thyroid Gland |
|
|
|
responsible for maintaining the calcium level in the body |
Calcitonin |
|
|
|
major regulator of the calcium, magnesium and phosphate levels in the blood |
Parathyroid hormone |
|
|
|
secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon |
Pancreas |
|
|
|
Helps in lowering the amout of glucose in the blood when it is too high |
Insulin |
|
|
|
helps in increasing the level of glucose in the blood when it is too low |
Glucagon |
|
|
|
what hormones does the adrenal cortex secretes |
1. Mineralocorticoids 2. Glucocorticoids 3. Androgens 4. Adrenal Medulla |
|
|
|
maintains the balance of minerals in the body such as sodium and potassium |
Mineralocorticoids |
|
|
|
break down proteins and triglycerides needed by the body |
Glucocorticoids |
|
|
|
secreted by boh male and females but more important for females because these are converted into estrogen |
Androgens |
|
|
|
secretes epinephine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline). |
Adrenal Medulla |
|
|
|
hormones that controls the heart rate, blood pressure, blood level and breathing rate |
Epinephrine (Adrenaline) Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline) |
|
|
|
produces sex cells or gametes |
Gonads |
|
|
|
responsible for the female secondary sex characteristics and maintaining the female body shape |
Estrogen |
|
|
|
helps in pregnancy, lactation and menstrual cycle |
Progesterone |
|
|
|
secretes melatonin |
Pineal gland |
|
|
|
regulates the sleep cycle |
Melatonin |
|
|
|
secretes thymosine |
Thymus |
|
|
|
process when the egg cell and the sperm cell unite |
Fertilization |
|
|
|
the release of the egg in the ovary |
Ovulation |
|
|
|
first occurence of menstruation that women experience |
Menarche |
|
|
|
Parts of the sperm cell and its functions |
Head - encloses the nucleus Middle - contains the mitochondria that provide energy for the sperm to move Tail - used by the sperm cell for movement |
|
|
|
Geometrical center of the mirror |
Center of Curvature |
|
|
|
Distance from the vertex |
Focal Length |
|
|
|
The midpoint of the radius of curvature |
Focus |
|
|
|
Distance from the center of curvature to the vertex of the mirror |
Radius of the curvature |
|
|
|
horizontal line that crosses the center of the lens |
Principal axis |
|
|
|
Sign Conventions for Mirror |
do = always positive L (Location): +di = real (infront of the mirror); -di = virtual (behind the mirror)
O (Orientation): +M = upright; -M = Inverted
S (Size): M>1 = Magnified; M<1 = Reduced/Diminished
T (Type): +f = Concave; -f = Convex |
|
|
|
Sign Conventions for Lenses |
L (Location): +di = Real (behind the lens): -di = virtual (infront of the lens) O (Orientation: +M or +si = upright; -M or -si = inverted S (Size): M>1 = Magnified; M<1 = Reduced/Diminished T (Type): +f = convex (converging); -f = concave (diverging) |
|
|
|
a molecule that consists of several monomers which are combined through covalent bonding |
Polymer |
|
|
|
also called saccharides |
Sugar |
|
|
|
simplest form of carbohydrate. It is sometimes called single sugar and are said to be the building blocks of complex carbohydrates |
Monosaccharides |
|
|
|
most abundants monosaccharide in the human body |
Glucose |
also known as blood sugar |
|
|
milk sugar |
Galactose |
|
|
|
fruit sugar |
Fructose |
|
|
|
Glucose + Galactose = ? |
Lactose |
|
|
|
Three common disaccharides |
1. Sucrose 2. Maltose 3. Lactose |
|
|
|
Glucose + Glucose = ? |
Maltose |
malt sugar |
|
|
most abundant type of carbohydrates |
Polysaccharides |
|
|
|
also called as animal starch and is abundant in liver and muscle cells |
Glycogen |
|
|
|
a type of carbohydrate that can be found only in plants |
Cellulose |
|
|
|
Types of Lipids |
1. Triglycerides 2. Waxes 3. Steroids 4. Phospholipids |
|
|
|
commonly known as fats and oils |
Triglycerides |
|
|
|
do not contain fatty acid chains but have the ability to bond with them |
Steroid |
|
|
|
It has a glycerol backbone bonded to fatty acids |
Phospholipids |
|
