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232 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Who created periodic Table |
Dimitir Mendeleev |
Russian |
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Periodic law |
Properties of Elements repeat in a periodic or recurring pattern based on their atomic masses |
Recurring |
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How many electrons go in the first shell |
2 electrons in the first level |
First |
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How many electrons go in the second shell |
6 electrons in the second level |
Second |
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Why are valence electrons so important |
The ability of an atom to lose or gain electrons is what gives the atom its chemical properties lose. |
Lose or gain |
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What is the special name given to group 1 |
Alkali metals |
A m |
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What is the special name given to group 2 |
Alkaline - earth metals |
Earth |
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What is the special name given to group 17 |
Halogen |
Light |
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What is an alloy |
A homogeneous mixture of metals |
Homo |
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What does it mean to be ductile |
It can be drawn to wire |
Picture |
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What does it mean to be malleable |
Elements that have both metallic and nonmetallic properties |
Elements |
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Johann Dobereiner |
German chemist who first classify elements by their properties |
German |
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John Newlands |
English chemist he arranged the elements in order of their increasing atomic masses |
English |
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Dimitir Mendeleev |
Russian scientists organized the elements into a useful chart very much like the Periodic Table we use today |
Russian |
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Henry Mosley |
He discovered the connection between atomic numbers and the Periodic placement of Elements |
American |
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Why are halogens dangerous |
In high concentration it becomes dangerous |
High |
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How will two elements react if they have the same number of valence electrons |
They will act very much alike physically and chemically |
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What is a semi conducter |
A substance that holds its electrons in a way that allows a partial flow of electricity |
Partial flow |
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What are some characteristics of metals |
1 electron in the outermost ring. They have similar properties because they all have 1 valance electron |
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What are some characteristics of nonmetals |
Have 4 valence electrons. Members of carbon family halogens and Nobel gases |
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Where do you find nonmetals on the Periodic Table of Elements |
On the right side |
Side |
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Where do you find the transition elements on the Periodic Table of Elements |
Groups. 3-12 |
Middle |
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Where do find metalloids on the Periodic Table of Elements |
Across the table from left to right to the properties of the elements become less and less metallic. Toward the right side of the Periodic Table a heavy zigzag line divides the metals for nonmetals |
Zigzag |
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What are some characteristics of metalloids |
Contains such elements as aluminum and boron. These elements have 3 valence electrons |
3 |
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What does it mean to be inert |
The property of matter that causes objects to resist change in the state of motion |
Resit |
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What is a period or series |
A horizontal row in the Periodic Table, also called a series |
Horizontal |
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What is a group or a family |
When each element with the same number of valence electrons act very much alike physically and chemically, Each column is called family or group |
Elements |
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What is a chemical bond |
The way atoms are joined together |
Atoms |
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What are the two important rules of bonding |
Graphite and diamond |
Paper and girls best friend |
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Why do atoms bond |
Atoms generally more stable when they have a full octet 8 electrons in their valance level |
8 |
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What are the three ways atoms bond |
Lose or gain electrons, share electrons.,may forcibly remove electrons |
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What is electronegativity |
The relative ability of atom to attract electrons in a chemical bond |
Attract |
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On what side do you find the most electronegativie elements |
Right |
Sides |
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On what side do you find the least electronegativie elements |
Left |
Sides |
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What does it mean to have high electronegativity |
Atoms that have nearly filled valence |
Atoms /valence |
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What does it mean to have low electronegativity |
Atoms whose outer levels are nearly empty |
Atoms/valence |
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What kind of bond is formed when you transfer electrons |
Ionic bond |
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What kind of bond is formed when you share electrons |
Covalent |
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What is a cation |
An ion with a positive charge |
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What is an anion |
An ion with a negative charge |
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What is electrostatic at traction |
The force between two polar opposites |
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Are ionic bonds charged or Neutral |
Charged |
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What is an electrolyte |
A substance that produces ions upon dissolving |
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What are some properties of ionic compound |
Hard, brittle, conduct electricity when molten or dissolved. High melting and Boiling points |
Electricity |
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What is diatomic molecule |
When two atoms of the same element join together. . Oxygen /Nitrogen |
Two |
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What is double bond |
When two pairs of electrons are shared in a covalent bond |
Oxygen |
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What is a triple bond where each atom must share three electrons in order to bond |
Diatomic Nitrogen |
Electrons |
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What is the strongest bond iconic, covalent, double, or triple |
Triple Bond |
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What is a macromolecule |
Large molecules with properties quite different from ordinary covalent molecules |
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What is a metallic bond |
Chemical bond in which metal atoms are thought randomly shared their valance electrons |
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What is a chemical change |
A change in a material that alters its identity |
Identity |
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What is a chemical formula |
A shorthand method of expressing the makeup of a compound |
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What is a subscript |
A small number placed beside the symbol of an element in a formula to indicate the number of atoms of that element contain in the compound represent by that formula. |
Number |
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What is a molecular model |
A three dimensional representation that are used throughout the book to show the relative size of atoms or ions in chemical bonding there are the space filing model and the ball and stick type |
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What are oxidation numbers |
I how many electrons an element is likely to gain or share as it bonds to other atoms |
Electrons /share |
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What is the oxidation number for Alkali, Alkali - earth, Halogens, Oxygen, Noble |
1,2,-1,-2,0 |
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If a transition element is bonded to an element that is more electronegativie will the transition element gain or lose electrons |
Gain |
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If a transition element is bonded to an element that is less electronegativie will the transition element gain or lose electrons |
Lose |
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When writing a compound what comes first the most electronegativie element or the least electronegativie element |
Least |
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Know the rules for how to name covalent and ionic compounds |
Get answers |
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What is conservation of matter |
The matter is neither created nor destroyed during chemical change |
Matter |
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What is a word equation |
An equation that uses words to represent a reaction |
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What is a formula equation |
An equation that uses symbols to represent a reaction |
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What are the reactants and where do you find them in a reaction |
The formula on the left side of the arrow represent the substance the reactants |
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What are the products are where do you find them in a reaction |
The formula on the right side of the arrow represent the product |
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What is a combination reaction |
Reactions that combine two or more substance into one or more complex compound. Zinc /Sulfur |
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What is a decomposition reaction |
Reactions that decompose or take place the apart the formula units or molecules of a substance. Hydrogen, Oxygen |
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What are single replacement reactions |
One element in an existing compound is replaced by another element |
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What are double replacement reactions |
Two ionic compounds swap cations and a ions with each other |
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What is Precipitate |
When double replacement reactions produce solids that cannot be dissolved in Water and settle to the bottom of the solution |
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What is an exothermic reaction |
Reactions that give off heat energy |
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What is endothermic reaction |
Reactions that give off heat energy |
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Solution |
A homogeneous mixture of two or more substance |
Homogeneous |
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Dissolve |
Become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid so as to form a solution |
Liquid |
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Solute |
The substance that is dissolved |
Substance |
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Solvent |
The substance that does the dissolving |
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Homogeneous Solution |
Appears the same throughout |
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Suspension |
A heterogeneous mixture consisting of small partials spread throughout a liquid or gaseous medium from which they will eventually settle out |
Heterogeneous |
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Dipole |
A molecule that has both negatively and positively charged poles caused by the unequal distribution of electrons |
Negatively, positively |
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Dissociation |
The process whereby a Solvent breaks up an ionic solid |
Breaks up |
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Solubility |
The maximum amount of a Solute that can dissolve in a given amount of Solvent under normal conditions |
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Soluble |
Dissolvable |
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Insoluble |
When certain substance cannot be broken apart by water molecules because they will not go into solution |
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Miscible |
The property that allows two liquids two be Soluble in each other |
Liquids |
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Precipitate |
A solid formed during a reaction insoluble in water |
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Saturated |
Containing the maximum amount of a Solute can be dissolved in a given amount of Solvent under normal conditions |
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Unsaturated |
Capable of dissolving more of a Solute |
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Supersaturated |
Having dissolved more than the normal of Solute in a given amount of Solvent |
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Dilute |
If there are just a few dissolved particles |
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Concentrated |
If the solution is close to its saturation point maximum amount of Solute a Solvent can hold |
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Specific gravity |
A method of determining the concentration of solution by comparing the density of the solution to the density of the water |
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Boiling point evaluation |
The effect whereby a Solute lowers the freezing point of the Solvent in which it is dissolved |
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What are the characteristics of a true solution |
By the size of the particles dissolved on the Solvent |
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What happens if the Solute particles are to large in solution |
The Solvent will not be able to hold them in solution. The Solute will eventually settle out |
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How do we define the state of solutions |
States of matter scientists say that solutions are Homogeneous systems. The amount of Solute that can be dissolved by the Solvent is defined as Solubility |
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If the Solvent is liquid and the Solute is gaseous, the solution would be |
Gas |
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If the Solvent is solid and the Solute is liquid, the solution would be |
Solid |
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Why does salt Dissolve in water |
Salt is made from positive sodium ions bonded to negative chloride ions. Water can dissolve salt because the positive part of water molecules attracts the negative chloride ions and the negative part of water molecules attracts the positive sodium ions |
Salt positive water Dissolve negative chloride ions |
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How does water help plants |
By transporting important nutrients through the plant |
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How do you know if something will Dissolve in water |
If the compound contains a charge or is polar it is more likely to dissolve in water since water is polar. If the compound contains structure that can form Hydrogen bonds, it is likely to dissolve in water as well, but if the compound is very nonpolar, it is not Soluble in water |
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How does temperature affect Solubility |
Most solids become more Soluble in liquid as temperature increases |
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What are the two factors that affect Solubility |
Temperature and Pressure |
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How does pressure affect Solubility |
Solubility increases with pressure |
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Do you have more air pressure on a mountain or at the base of a mountain |
Base |
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What are the factors that affect the rate of solution |
Temperature, stirring, grinding, or, crushing |
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If the specific gravity of a solution is greater than one what does that mean |
A comparison of density of a solution to the density of water. If it has a number greater than 1 it is more dense than water |
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How does freezing point depression help us |
The greater the concentration of salt, the more the freezing point was lowered |
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What does an acid taste like (in food) |
Sour, bitter, salty |
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What does a base taste like (in food) |
Bitter |
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How do we know if an acid is an acid (what has to separate from the acid) |
Ionizable Hydrogen atom breaks away from the rest of formic acid molecule to form positive and negative ions |
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How do we know if a base is a base (what has to separate from the base) |
Is any substance that produces Hydrogen ions when it dissolves in water |
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What is ionization |
The process of splitting a molecule into charged particles |
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What part of water rips apart the acid (Oxygen or the hydrogen) |
Hydrogen |
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What part of water rips apart the base (Oxygen or the hydrogen) |
Oxygen |
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What is a Bronstead-Lowry base and acid |
Acids were proton donors and that bases were proton acceptors |
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What are some properties of an acid |
Conduct electricity, corrode metals |
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What are some properties of a base |
Slippery feel, severe burns |
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What is an Arrenhius acid and base |
An acid is an substance dissolved in Water which increases the concentration of the hydroxide ion. The ability of bases and Acids to form ions in solutions very important |
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Where do we generally find bases (except for food) |
Floor cleaners, window cleaners, oven cleaners |
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What is the pH scale |
A scale that is used to indicate the relative concentrations of hydronium ions in a solution |
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If I had a pH of 5 am I an a or a base. Am I strong or weak |
Base, weak |
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What is a degree of ionization |
Determing if an acid is weak or strong and the more hydronium ions are produced |
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What makes an acid strong or weak |
When strong acids ionize to a large extent even 100% and weak acids ionize only slightly |
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What is a monoprotic acid are they strong or weak |
Having only one hydrogen and it is strong |
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What is a diprotic acid. Are they strong or weak |
Sulfuric acid is not completely ionize. It is still classified as a strong acid |
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What is a trip rotisserie acid are they strong or weak |
Phosphoric and citric weak |
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What makes a base strong or weak |
That ionize completely in solution and produce many hydroxide ions |
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Give an example of strong bases |
Sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide |
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What is an indicator |
An organic compound that shows a definite color change when it reacts with an acid or a base |
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What is red litmus paper. What colors does it change to and what do those colors mean |
Red litmus paper turns blue under basic or alkaline conditions with the color change occurring over the pH range 4.5 - 8.3 at 25 degrees |
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What is blue litmus paper. What colors does it change to and what do those colors mean |
Red under acidic conditions |
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What is phenolphthalein. What colors does it change to and what to and what do those colors mean |
It is colorless in acidic solution but turns to a deep pink in basic solution |
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What is salt |
An ionic compound that are made up of negative ion that comes from an acid and a positive ion that comes from a base |
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What is a neutralization reaction |
The reaction of an acid and a base to produce a salt and water |
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Are there many or few salts in the world |
Many |
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What is energy |
The ability to do work |
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Can you handle energy |
Yes |
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What is potential energy |
Is stored energy or energy at rest. A battery |
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What is kinetic energy energy in motion |
A moving vehicle |
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What is the formula for the potential energy |
PE=mgh |
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What is the formula kinetic energy |
KE=kinetic energy. m=mass v =velocity |
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What is the unit of Energy |
Joule |
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What is velocity |
To its speed in m/s and direction |
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What is the Law of Conservation of Energy |
Energy can be changed from one form to another but never be created or destroyed |
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Where does the source of all of our energy come from |
The sun |
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What is radiant energy |
Radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic waves. . Radio waves X rays |
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What is mechanical energy |
Energy possessed by objects that are in motion or that have the potential to move. Wind |
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What are the two forms of mechanical energy |
King energy caused by motion and potential energy associated with relative position |
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What is sound energy |
Energy that travels in waves |
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What state of matter does sound energy travel through easiest |
solids liquids and gases caused by mechanical energy |
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What is thermal energy |
The motion of molecules in matter |
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What is temperature |
The measure of the average kinetic energy in a material |
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What is heat |
the kinetic energy present within the particles of matter the transfer of thermal energy |
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Is heat itself energy |
Heat is the energy an object has because of the movement of its atoms and molecules which are continuously jigging and moving around hitting each other and other objects |
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What is chemical energy |
Energy that is stored in the position of electrons in an atom. Plants |
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What is electrical energy |
Energy that is associated with the flow of charged particles through a conductor |
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What is magnetic energy |
Energy that is stored in a magnet and its surrounding field |
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What is nuclear energy |
The energy that is stored in the nucleus of an atom |
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How do we calculate nuclear energy |
E =mc2 |
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Wh unit do we use to measure power |
Watts. Power = Work/time |
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What is momentum |
Mass multiplied by velocity, a quality of motion |
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What is the momentum equation be able to use them |
P =mv |
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What has more momentum an object with a lot of mass or an object with little mass |
A lot of mass |
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What is a collision |
An instance of one moving object or person striking violently against another |
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What is conservation of momentum |
when momentum can be transferred from one object to another without a change in total momentum |
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What is Mechanics |
The modern study of motion |
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What is kinematics. What is it concerned about |
The branch of Mechanics that describes how things move. It is concerned with speed acceleration and velocity |
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What is dynamics. What is it concerned about |
The branch of Mechanics that describes why things move. How mass and force affect motion |
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What is point of reference |
In science we need landmarks to find the trail. Without them our studies are futile |
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What is a frame of reference |
A system of reference points from which the position and motion of an object can be determined |
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What is displacement |
A change in position of an object |
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What is speed |
The rate of which an object changes position |
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What is speed |
The rate of which an object changes position |
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What is the speed /velocity formula |
Speed = distance /time |
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What is velocity |
The rate at which an object changes position in a specified direction |
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What is magnitude |
How big and direction |
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What is direction |
The course or path on which something is moving or pointing |
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What is a vector |
Quantities that express magnitude and direction |
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What is acceleration |
The rate at which velocity increases in a given amount of time |
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What is the acceleration formula |
a = v/t |
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What does Newton first law of motion state |
An object in motion will stay in motion or an object at rest will stay at rest unless it is acted on by a force |
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Where is Newton first law of motion true |
When astronauts who have gone to the moon and satellites that are speeding through deep space |
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What is inertia |
Property of matter which causes it to resist a change |
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What does Newton second law of motion state |
The value of an unbalanced force is equal to its mass multiplied by its acceleration |
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What is the force equation |
The net force on an object is equal to the mass of the object multiplied by the acceleration of the object |
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What does Newton third law of motion state |
For every action there is an opposite and equal reaction |
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What is gravity |
The attraction that any object in the universe has toward other objects in the universe |
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What is action - at-a-distance force |
Forces that act on an object within touching it |
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What is air resistance |
Also called drag is the forces that are in opposition to the relative motion of an object through the air |
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Do objects fall at the same rate |
No |
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What is the formula for distance an object accelerates |
D=1/2AT2 |
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What is terminal velocity |
The highest velocity at which that object can fall |
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What does terminal velocity depend on |
Objects with very little surface area can reach very high speeds as they fall but light objects with large surface areas fall at much slower speeds |
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What is weight. What is the formula for determining weight |
The measure of the force pf gravity on an object. W=mg |
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What is the center of gravity |
The average location of the weight of an object |
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What is a satellite |
Celestial bodies in orbit around another Celestial body |
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What is work |
The product of force applied on an object multiplied by the distance the object moved |
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What are the two conditions that define work |
Force and displacement |
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What happens to work if the force and /or distance is equal to zero |
There is no work being done |
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What is the equation for work |
W=Fx |
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What is the unit for work |
Joule |
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What is a simple machine |
Machines with only one or two parts |
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What are the six simple machines we have covered |
Lever. Wheel, axle, pulley, incline, plane |
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What are the three ways that machines make our lives easier |
A machine can increase the amount of force a person exerts, a machine can change the direction of the force exerted, a machine can change the speed at which a force acts |
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What are the two things that machines can do |
They can increase the force available to do work and speed up the rate at which work get done |
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What is the one thing that machines cannot do |
A machine can never increase the amount of work done or energy expanded |
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What is a fulcrum |
The fixed point about which a lever turns |
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What is the equation for the law of moments |
W1 d1=w2d2 |
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What happens if the lever is at equlibium |
It will pivot on the fulcrum |
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What is torque |
Is a mea of how much a force acting on an object causes that object to rotate |
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Draw first class, second class, and third class levers |
Draw |
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What does mechanical advantage tell us. Above one, below one, at one |
A measure of the force,multiplying ability of a machine, the ratio of the resisting force and the applied force |
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First class lever |
Push is applied to one end of the lever in order to move a weight at the opposite end (Stonehenge) |
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Second class lever |
The resistance is located between the fulcrum and the effort (doors) |
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Third class lever |
The muscle called the biceps excerts an effort is applied between the fulcrum and the resistance (your arms) |
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What is a wheel and axle |
Covering distance and a simple lever must be modified |
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What are the two types of pulleys |
Single fixed pulley, single movable pulley |
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How are the two different types of pulleys helpful |
It changes the direction of an effort. Sometimes this gives a definite physical advantage. Movable pulley has a mechanical advantage of 2 |
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What is the distance principal |
States that any reduction in the effort force that is required will be paid for by an increased distance through which that force must act |
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What is an incline plane |
A slanted surface used to raise objects |
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Does a light object need a gradual or steep incline |
Steep incline |
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Does a heavy object need a gradual or steep incline |
Gradual incline |
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What is a wedge used for |
Split logs example axes, hatches. Chisels |
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What is a screw |
An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder or cone |
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What is a conical screw |
Designed to force their way into wood or other compressible materials |
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What is pitch |
The distance between two adjacent threads on a screw |
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What happens if the pitch is small |
Indicates a high mechanical advantage they are easy to turn |
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What happens if the pitch is large |
Would indicate a low mechanical advantage |
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What is scientific idealization |
Approximating an answer when an extremely accurate one is not needed |
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What is efficiency |
The percent of work input return as useful output |
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What is power |
The amount of work done in a given period time |
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What is the equation for power |
P = W/t |
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