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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Lower fluid volume, potassium, phosporus, and magnesium is typical of what type of enteral formula?
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Renal-failure formulas (pg 33)
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Fifty percent reduction of carbohydrates is typical of what type of enteral formula?
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Pulmonary-failure formulas (pg 33)
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Fifty percent of proteins in the form of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) is typical of what type of enteral formula?
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Hepatic-failure formulas (pg 33)
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Increased arginine, omega-3 fatty acids, and beta-carotene is typical of what type of enteral formula?
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Immune-enhancing formulas (pg 33)
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Which acute-phase protein is useful because it is not secreted in a circadian rhythm, does not increase after a large meal, and is more sensitive that ESR as a marker of inflammation?
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C-reactive protein. Be aware that in patients with liver failure, this acute-phase protein will not increase in response to stress
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Administration of which hormone will decrease circulating IL-1 and IL-6, decrease capacity for intracellular killing by monocytes, and decrease T-cell function?
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Cortisol (pg 6)
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How much elevation in catecholamine levels may be seen after injury?
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Epi and Norepi are increased three- to fourfold in plasma immediately following injury (pg 7)
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How long will catecholamine levels remain elevated immediately following injury?
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Epi and Norepi will have elevations lasting 24 to 48 hours before returning to baseline levels. (pg 7)
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Healthy patients undergoing uncomplicated surgery can remain NPO (with fluid support) for how many days before significant protein catabolism occurs?
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10 days (pg 32)
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Leukotrienes, prostaglandins, thromboxanes,hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, and lipoxins are derivatives of which membrane phospholipid?
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Arachidonic acid (pg 10)
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What type of nutrition results in a reduction of infectious complications in critically ill patients?
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Enteral nutrition (pg 31)
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Which hormone, synthesized in the pituitary, is characteristically elevated in proportion to the severity of an injury?
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ACTH
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Pain, anxiety, vasopressin, angiotensin II, cholecystokinin, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, catecholamines, and proinflammatory cytokines are all prominent mediator of release of what pituitary hormone in the injured patient?
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ACTH
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What are the primary sources of TNF-alpha synthesis?
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Monocytes/macrophages and T cells (pg 12)
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What is the half-life of TNF-alpha?
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Less than 20 minutes (pg 12)
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The functions of which cytokine include muscle catabolism and cachexia, coagulation activation, promotion of expression or release of adhesion molecules, prostaglandin E2, platelet-activating factors, glucocorticoids, and eicosanoids?
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TNF-alpha (pg 12)
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Which type of enteral formula may delay intestinal transit time, decrease diarrhea, and can be used in critically ill patients?
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Isotonic enteral formulas with fiber (pg 33)
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Which type of enteral formula provides 1.5 to 2 kcal/ml, and is thus suitable for patients requiring fluid restriction or those unable to tolerate large volume infusions?
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Calorie-dense formulas
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Nitric oxide is formed from the oxidation of which amino acid?
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L-arginine (pg 21)
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Where is nitric oxide primarily made?
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The endothelium (pg 20)
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What is the half-life of nitric oxide?
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A few seconds (pg 21)
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Which type of substances are the most potent mediators of inflammatory response?
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Cytokines (pg 10)
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What is the most frequent trace mineral deficiency developing in a patient receiving parenteral alimentation?
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Zinc
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Deficiency of what mineral is marked by an eczematoid rash either diffusely or in intertriginous areas?
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Zinc
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What deficiency is characterized by scaling acrodermatitis and alopecia in the context of total parenteral nutrition?
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Linoleic acid (Essential fatty acid deficiency)
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