School Psychologist Praxis 2 - Developmental Theories

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Piagets Cognitive Developmental Stage

Back 1

1) Sensory Motor
2) Pre Operational
3) Concrete
4) Formal Operational

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1) Sensory Motor

Back 2

0-1
-Children relate to objects and people through their sensors and motor skills.
-Object permanence
-Child lives in here and now

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2) Pre Operational

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2-7 Kindergarten through first grade
-Egocentric
-Problem solving
-Reason dominated by perception

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3) Concrete

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7-11 Elementary School
- Uses logic to solve problems
- Reversibility in thought
- Inferential thinking
- Quantitative reasoning
-Understands conversations

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4) Formal Operational

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11+
Applied logical principles to solve more hypothetical and abstract problems.

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Social Learning Theory

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-People not only learn through reinforcers but through observation and modeling as well.
-4 requirments for people to learn
1) Attention
2) Retention
3) Reproduction
4) Motivation

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Behavioral Theories of Development

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-Classical Conditioning
- Operant Conditioning

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Freud's Stages of Psychosexual Development

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1) Oral
2) Anal
3) Phallic
4) Latency
5) Genital

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1) Oral Stage

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Birth to 1 year
-An infant's primary interaction with the world is through the mouth.
-If this need is not met, the child may develop an oral fixation.

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2) Anal Stage

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1 to 3 years
-Freud believed that the primary focus of the libido was on controlling bladder and bowel movements.
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3) Phallic Stage

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3 to 6 years
-Freud suggested that the primary focus of the id's energy is on the genitals.
-According to Freud, boy's experience an Oedipal Complex and girl's experience and Electra Complex

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4) Latent Stage

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6 to 11 years
-During this stage, the superego continues to develop while the id's energies are suppressed.
-Children develop social skills, values and relationships with peers and adults outside of the family.

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5) Genital Stage

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11 to 18 years
-The onset of puberty causes the libido to become active once again.
-During this stage, people develop a strong interest in the opposite.

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Erikson's Theory of Development

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1) Trust vs. Mistrust
2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3) Initiative vs. Guilt
4) Industry vs. Inferiority
5) Inditity vs. Role Confusion

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1) Trust vs. Mistrust

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0-1
Predict and depend on ones own behavior
attachment to the caregiver is important.

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2) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

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2-3
-Realizing that they can control ones behaviors
doing things for ones' self.

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3) Initiative vs. Guilt

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3-6
-Taking initiative to play
-Active independance

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4) Industry vs. Inferiority

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Elementary school years
-Success in school or failure leads to self efficacy
satisfying activities in one's own life.

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5) Inditity vs. Role Confusion

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High school
-Determining ones own identity
-Strong ego
-Peer relationships.

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Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

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Level 1. Preconventional Morality (avoid punishment)
--Stage 1. Obedience and Punishment Orientation.
--Stage 2. Individualism and Exchange.

Level II. Conventional Morality (social norms and expectations)
--Stage 3. Good Interpersonal Relationships.
--Stage 4. Maintaining the Social Order.

Level III. Postconventional Morality (high moral ethics personal beliefs)
--Stage 5. Social Contract and Individual Rights.
--Stage 6: Universal Principles.

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Vygotsky

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Believed that children learn actively and through hands-on experiences.
-His sociocultural theory also suggested that parents, caregivers, peers and the culture at large were responsible for the development of higher order functions.