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266 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gertrude Hildreth
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wrote the first book on School Psych. (1930). described the typical day.
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PL-142
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1975- "Education for All Handicapped Children Act"
FAPE |
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St. Louis Meeting
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NASP is founded. 1969
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Autism (IDEA-97)
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developmental disability significantly affecting verbal and nonverbal communication and social interaction, evident before age 3. Adversely affects child's educational performance. repetitive activities, stereotyped movements, sensory experiences
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Deaf-Blindness (IDEA-97)
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having both hearing and visual impairments, the combo of which causes severe communication and other developmental and educational needs that cannot be accommodated in sped programs solely for children with deafness or blindness
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Deafness (IDEA-97)
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hearing impairment that is so severe that the child is impaired in processing linguistic info through hearing.
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Emotional Disturbance (IDEA-97)
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long period of time to marked degree: inability to learn that cannot be explained by other factors. inability to build or maintain satisfactory interpersonal relationships with peers and teachers. inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances. general pervasive mood of unhappiness or depression. tendency to develop physical symptoms or fears associated with personal or school probs.
*not socially maladjusted* |
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Mental Retardation (IDEA-97)
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significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period
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Other Health Impairment (IDEA 97)
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limited strength, vitality or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli that results in limited alertness with respect to educational environment. -- due to chronic or acute health problem.
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SLD (IDEA 97)
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disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell or do math.
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TBI (IDEA 97)
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acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force resulting in total or partial functional disability or psychosocial impairment.
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Criterion-referenced tests
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designed to determine whether a child has reached a predetermined level or standard of performance. usually based in academics or specific skill area
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Percentage of cases within 1 SD of mean on normal curve
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68.26% (34.13+34.13)
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Z-score
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expressed in SD units. mean of 0
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T-Score
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Mean of 50, SD of 10.
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mean
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average
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median
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middle number
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mode
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most frequent number
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percentile rank
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percentage or proportion of scores that score lower than a given score.
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Personality Tests
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APS
MACI MMPI PIY |
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Behavior Assessment
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BASC-2
BDS CBC Conner's |
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Projective measures
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Draw a person
House-Tree-Person CAT TAT Roberts' 2 |
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Antisocial behavior tests
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Aggression Questionaire
Beck disruptive inventory for youth |
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Anxiety Behavior Tests
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Beck Anxiety Inventory for Youth
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Depression Behavior Tests
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Beck Depression Inventory for Youth
Children's Depression Inventory Reynolds Child Depression Scale |
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Autism Rating Scales
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Gilliam Autism Rating Scale
Autism Diagnostic Observation Scale (ADOS) Childhood Autism Rating Scale Aspergers Syndrome Diagnostic Scale |
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TBI Considerations
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-History- demographics, pre-injury functioning
-Medical- type of injury, location in brain, severity, -Neuropsychological results- processing speed, affect, arousal, attention, learning and memory |
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FBA- legal definition
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functional behavioral assessment is an individualized assessment of the student that results in a hypothesis about the function of a student's behavior and recommendations
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Manifestation
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Is the action a manifestation of the child's disability? Was the IEP being implemented?
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FBA- Function of behavior
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typically to AVOID something or GAIN something.
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BICS: Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills
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ability to communicate basic needs and wants, basic interpersonal conversations
*takes 1-3 years to develop |
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CALP- Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency
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ability to communicate thoughts and ideas with clarity and efficiency, advanced interpersonal conversations, **takes 5-7 years to develop**
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Naturalistic Observation
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Observed in a natural setting
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Analogue Observation
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simulated natural environment which allows for greater control of environment to elicit behaviors.
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Self-Monitoring Behavior Observation
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child observes and tracks own behavior
(May lack reliability and validity) |
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Direct Behavior Observation
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allows for a functional analysis of behavior.
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Event Recording (Coding)
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# of times behavior occurs during an observation period
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Interval Recording (Coding)
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partial-record behavior that occurs during any time in the interval.
Uses time sampling techniques |
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Time-Sample Recording (Coding)
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record if behavior occurs momentarily at interval
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Duration/Latency Recording (Coding)
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how long behavior lasts, or the length of time from the end of the behavior to beginning of another
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Positive Reinforcement
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something given to increase desired behavior
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Negative Reinforcement
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something removed/eliminated/avoided by performing desired behavior
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Fixed Ratio Reinforcement
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reinforcement at set number of desired responses
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Variable Ratio Reinforcement
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reinforcement at set number of desired responses, number required changes after each reinforcement
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Fixed Interval Reinforcement
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reinforcement given for first desired response that occurs after a set length of time
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Variable Interval Reinforcement
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reinforcement given for first desired response that occurs after a set length of time. Length of time required changes.
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Premack Principle
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a desirable task can reinforce a less desirable task
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ADHD interventions
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contingency management, time outs, positive reinforcement, self regulation, classroom modifications, pace of instruction, scheduling
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Autism Interventions
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ABA, picture communication and visual supports, social skills training, structure in schedule and environment
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Phonemic Awareness
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ability to hear and manipulate sounds in spoken words
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Substance Abuse/Use signs in schools
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angry outbursts, mood swings, incoherently talking, risky secretive behavior, deterioration of physical appearance, change in social group
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Piaget Period 1 (birth-2 years)
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Sensorimotor- organize physical action schemes for dealing with their world.
transition: when they develop object permanence, sense of independent beings/objects Child lives in the here and now* |
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Piaget Period 2 (2-7 years)
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Pre-operational Thought
Grades K-1 Children learn to think and use symbols and internal images. thinking is unsystematic Egocentric, intuitive rather than logic |
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Piaget Period 3 (7-11years)
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Concrete Operations
Grades 2-6 Children develop the capacity to think systematically but only when they can refer to concrete objects Ability to understand conservation, inferential thinking, quantitative reasoning, reversibility |
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Piaget Period 4 (12-adulthood)
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Middle school and high school grades
young people develop the capacity to think systematically on a purely abstract and hypothetical plane. Can generalize learning |
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Kohlberg level 1
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Pre-conventional Morality
- 1) obedience and punishment orientation -2) individualism and exchange. People have different viewpoints- avoid punishment |
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Kohlberg Level II
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Conventional Morality:
3) good interpersonal relationships. people live up to expectations of family and community. 4) maintain social order: society as a whole outlook. obey laws, perform duties |
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Kohlberg Level III
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Post-conventional Morality
5) social contract and individual rights: recognize different values but want basic rights to be protected. 6) universal principles. justice for all people. rational for civil disobedience. |
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Erikson Birth-1
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Trust vs. Mistrust
Attachment to caregiver is important Mothe/father use be warm, loving, and attentive to basic needs |
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Erikson (1-3)
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Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Children begin to develope confidence in their ability to explore and to understand that they can control their behavior |
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Erikson 3-6
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Initiative vs. Guilt
Take initiative in play and various tasks Imaginary play and choosing activities |
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Erikson (6-12)
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Industry vs. Inferiority
School aged development Success or failure in school has a lasting effect on self-efficacy and sense of adequacy A sense of industry is when children are recognized for various activities |
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Erikson Adolescence (13-18h
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Identity vs. Role Confusion
Middle school and high school Strong ego, peers, role models, and social pressure are important |
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Erikson Young Adulthood
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Intimacy vs. Isolation
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Erikson Adulthood
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Generativity vs. Stagnation
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Erikson Old Age
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Ego Integrity vs. Despair
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Classical Conditioning
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stimulus elicits a response that was not previously associated with stimulus
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Instrumental Conditioning
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probability of a response is changed through conditioning.
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Cattell and Horn intelligence types
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fluid & Crystallized
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Fluid Intelligence
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essential nonverbal, relatively culture-free, mental efficiency; involves adaptive and new learning capabilities
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Acquired skills and knowledge that are developmentally dependent on exposure to culture. mental products of achievement
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CHC Broad Factors of Intelligence
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fluid (Gf)
crystallized (Gc) general memory and learning broad visual perception broad auditory perception, broad retrieval ability, broad cognitive speediness processing speed |
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Disadvantages of self-reports
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vulnerable to distortion, lies or misrepresentations, less valued by other professions
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disadvantages of rating scales by others
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rater may be biased toward making the other person look bad or good.
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Ability Grouping
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advantages: increases achievement by reducing disparity. increases pace, allows for more individual attention
disadvantages: creates classes of low achievers, can be self-fulfilling, research shows it doesnt improve achievement |
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zero-reject principle
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all students must be enrolled.
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ADA
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civil rights law for people with disabilities. Prohibits discrimination. allows access to participation in certain aspects of American Life with help
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Section 504
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civil right law that ensures equal access to education. Receive accommodations and modifications.
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FERPA
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confidentiality of student records
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Brown v. Board of Ed
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1954- each state must provide equal educational opportunity to all children regardless of race.
Violation of the 14th amendment |
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Diana v. State Board of Ed
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*Misclassification of Ethnic Minority Children*
children are required to be tested in primary language or with sections of the test that do not depend on knowledge of English |
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Guadalupe Organization vs. Tempe Elementary SD
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went further than Diana case- ELL students must have a multifaceted evaluation.
Students cannot be identified I'd unless they are properly assessed by the students primary language and scores are at least 2 SD below the mean |
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Larry P. v. Riles
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African American students misclassified as MR. -- banned the use of IQ testing for future placement of African American students. (California still prohibits the use of these tests on African American children) other states now say it is ok with parent consen (Crawford vs. Hoing)
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Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California
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protective privilege ends when there is a threat of harm. must warn victim!
Protective privilege ends where the public peril begins |
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WISC-IV (age range and domains)
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ages 6-17
Verbal Comp Perceptual Reasoning Working Memory Processing Speed |
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WPPSI-III (ages and domains)
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ages 2-6 to 7-3
age 2-6 to 3-11: verbal, performance,general language composite ages 4 to 7-3: verbal, performance, processing speed, general language composite |
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WAIS-III (ages and domains)
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ages 16 to 75
verbal scale: verbal, working memory Performance Scale: perceptual organization, processing speed |
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SB-V (ages and domains)
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ages 2 to 89+ years
fluid reasoning knowledge quantitative reasoning visual-spatial processing working memory (all domains have non verbal and verbal tasks) |
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DAS-II (ages and domains)
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lower level battery: age 2-6 to 6-11 verbal, nonverbal reasoning, spatial ability
school age: age 7 to 17-11 verbal, nonverbal reasoning, spatial |
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CAS (age and domains)
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ages 5-17
planning, attention, simultaneous processing, successive processing |
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CTONI (ages and domains)
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ages 6-89
pictorial nonverbal intelligence geometric nonverbal intelligence nonverbal intelligence IQ |
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KABC-II (ages and domains)
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ages 3-18
sequential processing (STM) simultaneous processing (visual processing) Planning (fluid reasoning) learning ability (LTR) Knowledge (crystallized) |
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Leiter R (ages and domains)
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ages 2-20
visualization and reasoning, attention and memory, |
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UNIT (ages and domains)
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ages 5-17
memory scale, reasoning scale, symbolic scale, nonsymbolic |
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WJ III COG (ages and domains)
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ages 2-90+
comp-knowledge, long-term retrieval, visual spatial, auditory processing, fluid reasoning, processing speed, stm |
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Changing Criterion Design (intervention)
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1. baseline observation
2. contingency is introduced 3. when criterion is met it is made more stringent 4. criterion is changed until goal is achieved |
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observer drift
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unintentional, systematic change in operative definition of behaviors being observed.
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Curriculum Based Assessment (CBA)
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Compare how a target student is performing as compared to pre-intervention baseline
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Curriculum Based Measure (CBM)
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identifies a student's status with respect to an established standard of performance.
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progress monitoring uses
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used to see if an intervention is effective, not gather info about a problem
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re-testing using the WISC-IV
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only after 9 months
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Oral Language Competency is related to what outcomes
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academic achievement
social skills |
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informant measures
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indirect measures of behavior
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Ortiz' suggested model of assessment
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non-discriminatory assessment. Collaborative
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Barnett et. al. model
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ethnic validity model
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retrieving LTM info efficiently is related to what two LDs?
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Math and reading disabilities.
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Proactive interventions for problem behavior
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adjusting curriculum, class-wide peer tutoring, computer assisted instruction, directed note-taking
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working with interpreters- one suggestion
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brief them prior to the meeting
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Problem solving model
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1. problem ID
2. Problem analysis 3. plan development 4. plan implementation 5. plan evaluation |
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RtI Sequence
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Universal -> targeted -> intensive
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metacognition
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ability to recognize your own capabilites
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RPI (on WJIII)
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Relative Proficiency Index.
**/90 the higher the number the more proficient in this area |
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CBA vs CBM
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CBA: focus is to develop effective and efficient instructional practices
CBM: particular type of CBA. used for evaluating the effects of a program in basic skills |
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Performance-Based Assessment
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performance on assessment may result in product or performance. concerned with problem solving and demonstrating understanding. (can be an alternative proficiency assessment for students with severe disabilities)
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DIBELS
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Screening measure for reading
1. initial sound fluency 2. phoneme segmentation fluency 3. nonsense word fluency 4. letter naming fluency 5. oral reading fluency |
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Retention
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is a failed practice.
remediation and prevention are more cost effective |
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Depression meds (SSRIs)
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fluoxetine (prozac)
sertraline (zoloft) paroxetine (paxil) citalopram (celexa) |
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Bipolar meds (mood stabalizers)
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lithium
divalproex (depakote) carbamazepine lamotrigine (lamictal) |
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ADHD meds (3 kinds)
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stimulants- ritalin, concerta, adderall
anti-depressants- duproprion, wellbutrin, strattera alpha-2 adrenergic agonists- clonidine, granfacine |
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autism meds
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serotonin-ssris
antipsychotics-risperdal betablockers- clonidine mood stabilizers- lithium stimulants- same as ADHD |
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anti-psychotic meds
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haldol, throazine, abilify, zyprexa, risperdal, seroquel
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occipital lobe
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Located in the back of the head
receives and processes visual information |
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parietal lobe
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Top portion of the brain
visual-spatial abilities and sensory projection, attention (right hemisphere dysfunction) Helps assimilate body sensation and motor functions If injured- Alan inability to distinguish sensory information, recognize body parts, or self, an inability to write, and a disorientation of environmental space |
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temporal lobes
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Located near and u der the ears
smell, hearing, balance, emotions and motivation I placated in reading problems Language center Wernicke'ss are |
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frontal lobes
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concentration, goal-directed, emotional control, temperament, master controller
Executive functions; cognitive flexibility; shifting; Broca's area |
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IDEA-IA 2004 additions
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child find
eligible through age 21 required to provide FAPE |
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Kratochwill/Bergan & Bergan Consultation model steps
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I. Establish Relationships
II. Problem Identification III. Problem Analysis IV. Plan Implementation V. Plan Evaluation |
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Big 5 of Reading
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1. Phonemic Awareness
2. Phonics 3. Fluency 4. Vocabulary 5. Comprehension |
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phonics
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letter association to phonemic sound. (sounding out words, decoding)
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fluency
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reading text automatically, accurately, and effortlessly
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vocabulary
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understanding specific words. Expressive or receptive language
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comprehension
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extracting meaning from text. (final goal of reading instruction)
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threat assessment - four prong approach
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personality of the student
school dynamics social dynamics family dynamics |
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Student with a disability
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a student with a disability as defined in section 4401(1) of the Education Law, who has not attained the age of 21 prior to September 1st and who is entitled to attend public schools pursuant to section 3202 of the Education Law and who, because of mental, physical or emotional reasons, has been identified as having a disability and who requires special services and programs approved by the department.
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Intellectual disability (ID)
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means significantly subaverage general intellectual functioning, existing concurrently with deficits in adaptive behavior and manifested during the developmental period, that adversely affects a student’s educational performance.
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Multiple disabilities
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concomitant impairments; the combination of which cause such severe educational needs that they cannot be accommodated in a special education program solely for one of the impairments; The term does not include deaf-blindness.
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Orthopedic impairment
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The term includes impairments caused by congenital anomaly (e.g., clubfoot, absence of some member, etc.), impairments caused by disease (e.g., poliomyelitis, bone tuberculosis, etc.), and impairments from other causes (e.g., cerebral palsy, amputation, and fractures or burns which cause contractures)
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Other health-impairment (OHI)
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limited strength, vitality or alertness, including a heightened alertness to environmental stimuli, that results in limited alertness with respect to the educational environment, that is due to chronic or acute health problems, including but not limited to a heart condition, tuberculosis, rheumatic fever, nephritis, asthma, sickle cell anemia, hemophilia, epilepsy, lead poisoning, leukemia, diabetes, attention deficit disorder or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder or tourette syndrome, which adversely affects a student's educational performance
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Speech or language impairment (SLI)
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a communication disorder, such as stuttering, impaired articulation, a language impairment or a voice impairment, that adversely affects a student's educational performance
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI)
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an acquired injury to the brain caused by an external physical force or by certain medical conditions such as stroke, encephalitis, aneurysm, anoxia or brain tumors with resulting impairments that adversely affect educational performance
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Visual impairment including blindness
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an impairment in vision that, even with
correction, adversely affects a student's educational performance. The term includes both partial sight and blindness Legal blindness is 20/200 after corrective lenses |
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Carl Rogers; Rogerian Theory
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child-centered; client centered; person centered;
Strives for congruence between the real and ideal self People naturally seek growth toward personal and universal goals |
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Glasser
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Reality therapy; choice therapy; centers on choices people make and how they are working for them
The objective is to have cluents take charge of their own life by examining choices Focus on the here and now |
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brief counseling
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short, manageable, positive steps (bereavement;weightloss)
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Adler/Adlerian theory
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People are motivated by social interests and by striving towards goals
Take a persons perspective and then alter it to yield results The family constellation; the goals of therapy are to empower clients to make emotional decisions on their own drives = natural consequences which must occur Person-centered counseling approach |
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Albert Ellis theory
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Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT)
Confrontational irrational belief systems overgeneralizing (every act is the end-all be-all) "awfulizing" "shoulding" "mustabation" |
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Core Counseling Skills
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build & establishh rapport
active listening ask open-ended questions adaptatation to client's learning style appropriate termination of treatment |
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Berstein (counseling)
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transactional analysis
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Suicide Assessment
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thoughts
plan lethality avaliability plausible & possible drugs |
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Four Pillars of Assessment
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Norm-referenced measures
Interviews Behavioral Observations Inforrmal Assessment Procedures |
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Edward L. Thorndike
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multifactor theory of intellignece;
intelligence is the product of many interconnected but distinct intellectual abilities The first to use animals in an experiment to study learning behavior Developed the alpha and beta tests used int the army -believed that “Instruction should pursue specified, socially |
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Louis L. Thurstone
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Multidimentional theory of intelligence;
human intelligence possesses a certain systematic organization and cannot be regarded at a unitary trait; the structure of intelligence can be inferred from a statistical factor analysis |
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J.P. Guilford
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developed the three-dimentional stucture of intellect model as a means of organizing intellectual factors
operations, content, products 120 possible factors; a combination of one element from each of the three dimensions yields a factor |
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Short-term memory (Gsm)
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A broad pattern of immediate awareness, alertness, and retrieval of material recently acquired
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Long-term memory (Glm)
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a facility in retrieving information stored in long-term memory
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Processing speed (Gs)
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An ability to scan and react to simple tasks rapidly
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Visual processing (Gv)
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A facility for visualizing and mentally manipulating figures and responding appropriatedly to spatial forms
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Auditory processing (Ga)
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A pattern of skills involved in listening and responding appropriatedly to auditory information
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Quantitative knowledge (Gq)
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An ability to understand and apply mathematical concepts
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Charles E. Spearman
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diagreed with Thorndike's multifactor theory;
proposed a 2-factor theory : a general factor (g) + one or more specific factors (s) accounts for performance on intelligence tests |
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Philip E. Vernon
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proposed a hierarchical theory of intelligence
g (general ability) verbal-educational and spacial-mechanical subdivisions (minor group factors) |
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Carroll's Three-Stratum Factor Analytic Theory of Cognitive Abilitites
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Stratum III - General
Stratum II - Broad Stratum I - Narrow |
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Honing v. Department of Education
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Special Education students must have a manifestation hearing if they are suspended for more than 10 days.
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Lau v. Nichols
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English Language Learning students must recieve appropriate accomodations (for learning disabilities - ELL status IS NOT a disability)
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No Child Left Behind
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"Highly Qualified" teachers
High stakes testing Can lose federal monely if noncompliant/fail to make annual yearly progress (AYP) |
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Rowley v. Department of Education
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Schools must provide adequate education, not best education possible. FAPE
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10th Amendment
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States are responsible for education.
The Tenth Amendment was written to reassure the states that they would remain largely in charge within their own borders. Until the mid-19th century, the Tenth Amendment was often cited by state governments to prevent Federal regulation of everything from taxation to interstate commerce. |
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PARC v. Commonwealth of PA
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Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children.
Education is a property right, as a result students may not be excluded from FAPE; exclusion is a violation of the 14th amend Must provide home instruction I'd appropriate; tuition grants for children who require alternate placements; requires parental consent prior to SpED placement and an impartial hearing if they disagree |
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Perkins Act
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Special education students may do vocational education.
An issue of occupational access |
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Marshall v. Georgia
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The percentage of minority students in special education MAY exceed the percentage of minority students in the school population IF appropriate and proper steps were taken.
(contrasted Larry P. case) |
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Hobson v. Hansen
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Equal access to education despite socio-economic status
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Parents in Action in Special E ducation v. Hannon
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Endorsed use of standardized tests IF they are culturally sensative and used with other measures.
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Section 504 of the Rehabilitiation Act of 1973
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Prohibits public schools from excluding students from participating in school programs and activities solely based on handicap;
Requires schools to take reasonable steps to prevent harassment based on handicap; Requires schools to make accommodations to ensure that pupils w. handicaping conditions have equal opportunity to benefit from its programs and activities; Does not provide funds to schools; DOE policy allows IDEA-supported SPED services to be used in making accommodations for 504-only students. |
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IDEA 1997
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Pub L. No 105-17, Under Clinton
Focused on improving educational outcomes for students with disabilities. |
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Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
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Pub L. No 94-142
Assures that all handicapped children have a FAPE with emphasizes special education and related services designed to meet their unique needs, |
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Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1990
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Pub L. No 101-476
G.H.W. Bush signed, changed handicap to disability. |
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IDEA 2004
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Pub L. No 108-446 G.W. Bush
No Child Left Behind Provides funds to state and local agencies that provide FAPE. Education of children w/ disabilities can be more effective if high standards are set. SPED as service, not a place; Recognizes increase in ELL/LEP students in US; Part A: General Provisions Part B: Assistnace for Education of all Children with Disabilities Part C: Infants and toddlers with Disabilities Part D: National Activities to Improve Education fo Children with Disabilities |
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Catagories of Disability under IDEA 2004 (13)
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Autism, Deaf-Blindness, Deafness, Emotional Distrubance, Hearing impairment, Intellectual Disability, Multiple disabilities, orthopedic impairment, other health impairment, SLD, speech or language impairment, TBI, visual impairment
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IDEA 2004 Important Facts
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-Private school placement at no cost to parents incld progam, nonmedical care, room/board if residential.
-If parent places child in alt setting the child does not have an individual right to receive some or all of the SPED and related services they would rec' if enrolled in the public school. Can provide services to student but not at benefit to private school. -Child Find -Assumes parents can and will make educational decisions that are in the best interest of their child -Does not extend to extra curricular activities. |
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the influence of heredity on intelligence
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children do not inherit intelligence, they inherit a collection of genes
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genotype
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the genetic makeup of an individual
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phenotype
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the observable performance of an individual;
results from the interaction of the genotype with environmental experiences |
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heritability estimate
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ranges from 0-1
0=all the variation in a particular characterisitc among people is associated with environmental influences 1= all the variation in a particular characteristic among people is associated with genetic influences heritability estimate for intelligence is .50 |
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The Flynn Effect
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the contunual rise in IQs during the 10th century (5-25 points) with an avg of 3 IQ points per decade
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Behavioral rehearsal
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an example of a social skill training method used to enhance acquisition deficits for preschoolers
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Internal validity
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The extent to which an experiment rules out alternative explanation of the findings
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necessary components of informed consent
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Competence, Knowledge, Volition
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chi square
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not a correlation coefficient
statistical test commonly used to compare observed data with data we would expect to obtain according to a specific hypothesis. Determines Were the deviations (differences between observed and expected) the result of chance, or were they due to other factors always testing what scientists call the null hypothesis, which states that there is no significant difference between the expected and observed result |
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CAS
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more of a theory based measure of basic psychological processing than a statistically derived approach to measuring cognitive abilities
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Which of the following classifications of medications is NOT a common treatment for ADHD symptoms?
a. Stimulants b. Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists c. Antidepressants d. SSRI’s (Mood stabilizers) e. Antipsychotics |
b. Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists
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Typical symptoms of panic disorder
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irritable, trouble concentrating, hands are trembling and constantly fidgets with them, Imminennt concern related to an event
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An alpha level of 0.05 indicates that _________
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If HO is true, the probability of falsely rejecting it is limited to 0.05
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If you reject the null hypothesis, you may be making___________
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a Type I error and/or a correct decision
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The advantage of a powerful experiment is that _________
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You are more likely to detect the real effects of the independent variable, if there are any
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One employs a correlated groups design___________
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To reduce the effects of individual differences among subjects
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robust test
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It is insensitive to its underlying mathematical assumptions
Is not unduly affected by outliers or other small departures The median is a robust measure of central tendency, while the mean is not |
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The BASC 2 – Student Observation Scale is an example of what type of behavioral data collection?
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Momentary Time Sampling
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When analyzing data from experiments that involve more than two groups___________
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Doing t tests on all possible pairs of means increases as the probability of making Type I
errors |
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nonparametric tests
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chi square; Mann‐Whitney U; The sign test
do not rely on data belonging to any particular distribution widely used for studying populations that take on a ranked order (such as movie reviews receiving one to four stars) Or no clear numerical interpretation result in "ordinal" data |
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minimum level of training required for certification as a school psychologist in most states
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Specialist level training (Masters + at least 30 additional graduate credits)
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Academic Learning Time (ALT)
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the portion of instructional time that the teacher allocates for Content areas during which students are actively and productively engaged in learning
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four main outcomes High stakes testing is intended to yield
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Better aligned curricula, Increased motivation, More equitable educational opportunities, Increased overall efficiency
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an accurate statement about national demographics of students enrolled in special education programs
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African‐American students are overrepresented in the mentally retarded category
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Applied Behavior Analysis
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A framework in which the science and principles of behavior are applied to develop
procedures to improve socially significant behavior |
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best describes the ruling in Tarasoff v. Regents of California, 1974 and 1976
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Confidentiality ends where “the public peril begins”
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Law of Exercise as proposed by Thorndike has two parts
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The law of use - the more often an association is used the stronger it becomes
the law of disuse - the longer an association is unused the weaker it becomes |
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The Law of Effect emphasizes that:
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Responses resulting in a satisfying state of affairs are learned
says behaviors that are followed by good consequences are likely to be repeated in the future |
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Edwin R. Guthrie
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responses do not need to be rewarded to be learned and the key to learning is contiguity, or close pairing in time between stimulus and response
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Contiguity
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The sequential occurrence or proximity or stimulus and response, causing their association in the mind
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Cognitive theorists
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recognize learning involves associations established through Contiguity and repetition and Meaningful effects
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Empiricism
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the doctrine that postulates Experience is the only source of knowledge
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The philosophical doctrine which postulates that the mind is composed of associations of ideas and that studying the complexities of the mind requires breaking associations into single ideas is known as
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Rationalism
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Zone of proximal development
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The amount of learning possible by a student given proper instructional conditions is
When the students own ability meets the instruction of a teacher |
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Howard Gardner
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Best known for his Theory of Multiple Intelligences -involves the idea that all humans have core abilities in various areas of intelligence
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The growth of children’s intellectual development according to Piaget involves
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Assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration
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Transfer effects
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Practicing or rehearsing that improves retention, especially when it is distributed over time is known as
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Which stage of parental response to the birth of a handicapped child is characterized by denial and/or grief?
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Shock stage
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Oberti vs.clementon
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School districts must meet the burden of showing that a student cannot be educated satisfactorily in a general education classroom with supplementary aids and services. Schools must make reasonable attempts to include handicapped children, including cognitively impaired children, in regular education classes.
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Lightner Witmer
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considered to be the “Father of Clinical and School Psychology
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Developmentalists disagree on the extent to which children contribute directly to their own development. This is known as the ______________issue.
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active/passive
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Early in his career, Rogers realized that the central fact of human psychology is the
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Autonomous self
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Sociality corollary
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explains how we construe the constructions of others
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successive approximation method
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is also called shaping
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important characteristics of models
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Similarity between model and subject, Age and sex of model and subject, Status and prestige of model
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Performance attainment
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The most influential source of efficacy judgments is
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Entropy
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Jung' principle
refers to the equalization of energy differences |
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According to Fromm, a person who engages in a receptive orientation most likely experienced what as a child?
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Swallowed up by parents
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According to Maslow, our innate need to be free from fear and anxiety is a___________ (when the four primary needs are unmet)
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Deficit need
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Fromm's Receptive orientation is similar to
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Freud's Oral Passive
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Fictional Finalism
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Psychoanalytic theory of Alfred Adler. The belief that human beings are more strongly motivated by the goals and ideals that they create for themselves and more influenced by future possibilities, than by past events such as childhood experiences.
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Psyche
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Jung's term for personality
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properties of the mean
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The mean is sensitive to the exact value of all the scores; The sum of the deviations about the means equals zero; The sum of the squared deviations about the mean is a minimum; The mean is NOT most subject to sampling variation
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Aptitude
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The potential for learning a specific skill
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Bandura
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theorist believed that children imitate the behavior of significant people in their lives as a result of observational learning
BObo doll experiments The 4 components that influence learning a modeled behavior; attention, retention, reproduction, motivation |
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Concurrent and predictive validity are both subcategories of
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criterion validity
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The SOMPA test was developed for
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Minority groups in general
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Hyperpolarization
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if a neuron is less likely to fire because of the input or passive graded potentials
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William’s Syndrome
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a disorder of 7q deletion
Gregariousness, disinhibition, hyperlexia, and symptoms of “nonverbal” learning disabilities |
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According to the Concordance‐Discordance model of identifying learning disabilities, what indicates there is a disability?
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There is a significant difference between the cognitive strength and cognitive deficit; There is a significant difference between the cognitive strength and the academic deficit; There is no significant difference between the cognitive deficit and the academic deficit.
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What area of the brain is likely impaired if a child has difficulty with fluid abilities, math reasoning, and carrying out computational steps or sequences?
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Frontal
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According to Gentry, by what grade do most children spell accurately following orthographic rules and letter reversals become uncommon?
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Second or third grade; 7 or 8 years old
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Rourke’s model of Nonverbal Learning Disabilities and White Matter Syndrome
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Neglect of self and the environment; Poor recognition of facial affect and social cues; Difficulty with implicit or complex language
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One of the events often mentioned in tandem with the beginning of School Psychology is the publication of the __________ in 1905
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Binet‐Simon Scales
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Historical Determinism
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our personality is fixed at an early age
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collective unconscious
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includes the past experiences of our human and prehuman ancestors
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The key idea in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is that
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Higher needs do not appear until lower needs have been satisfied
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Maslow was associated with __________ psychology.
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Humanistic
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Myers‐Briggs Type Indicator
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Primary instrument for conducting research on Jung’s psychological types
(also used the word association test |
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Kohlberg's stages of moral development
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Preconventional - fear of punishment
-Self rewarding obedience Conventional- act for the approval of others - law abiding Postconventional-Genuine interest in the welfare of others -universal understanding/ individual conscienc |
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Constructivist perspective/ constructivism
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human beings create systems for meaningfully understanding their worlds and experiences
Emphasis on hands-on learning and the framing of problems and experiences which creates difficulties ,not the problem itself |
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Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence
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The first to go against the psychometric approach and to take a more cognitive approach
-creative intelligence - used when solving novel problems or automatizing information -practical intelligence -sociocultural, involves the adaptation To, selection of, and Shaping of the environment to fit the context -analytic intelligence (academic) a person's ability to Solve problems and judge the quality of ideas |
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Carl Jung
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Personality-psyche as an organic entity composed of three layers: the conscious (The ego & persona), the personal unconscious (complexes, repressed memories and experiences, Stores past exp. and anticipates future events! Unique to everyone), and the impersonal or collective unconscious (hypothesized to be the same for everyone, remnant of our ancestral past and a foundation for legend, myth, and folklore)
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Wide Range Achievement test (WRAT)
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Gary & Gary
-measures the Basic academic skills of reading, spelling, math 5-94 Word Reading Sentence Comprehension Spelling Math Computation Reading Composite |
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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
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Self-Actualization and Self-Transcendence
Self Esteem Belongingness and Love Safety Physiological, -describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through |
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Type I error
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When you say something is true but it is not
REJECT the null hypothesis |
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Type II error
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Stating something is false but it is really true
ACCEPT the null hypothesis |
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Null Hypothesis
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the assertion that the things you were testing are not related and your results are the product of random chance events
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Fragile X Syndrome
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A genetic condition Involving changes in the X Chromosome,
small part of the gene code is repeated on a fragile area of the X chromosome the most common form of inherited ID in boys Symptoms- delays in crawling, walking, Hand clapping or hand butting, ID, speech and language delays, |
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Down Syndrome
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A genetic condition in which a person has 47 chromosomes instead of 46 (an extra 21st)
One of the most common causes of birth defects Symptoms- decreased muscle tone, wide hands and fingers, small mouth and ears, eyes slantedupward |
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Mills vs. board of Ed of DC
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Reierated Parc ruling and also required schools to prepare a proposal if the education program for each child with a disability
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Max m vs. Thompson
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If a related service is required for a student to stay in school it must be provided and if a medical service could be rendered by a physician it does not render its removal from a list of required service
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Eisel vs. board of Ed
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School has a special duty to protect a pupil from harm and a duty to use reasonable means not prevent suicide
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Marshall vs. ApA
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Court upheld ApA authority to expell and publish bc the plaintiff was bound by ApA ethics when he joined after his ethical misconduct
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Pesce v. j.Sterling Morton HS
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The duty to protect school children by reporting suspected child abuse outweighs any right to confidentiality of the psychologist-child relationship
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Tinker vs. DeMoines indep school district
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Students in school and out of school are persons under the constitution and are possessed of findamental rights which the state must respe t
Students are allowed to wear armbands as per the 14th amendment |
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Debra P. v" Turlington
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States have a right to require students to pass a competency test to receive a diploma, however, the curriculum must match what is measured by the rest
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