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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the force of gravity?
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gravity pulls on all objects with a force of 9.81 m/sec/sec
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What is the difference between mass and weight?
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Mass is the total of all matter in an object, sum of all electrons/protons/neutrons. Weight is total effect of gravity pulling on all these electrons protons and neutrons of an object.
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Formula for weight
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Weight = mass x force of gravity
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What is the force of gravity?
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gravity pulls on all objects with a force of 9.81 m/sec/sec
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The reason that objects of heavier weights do not fall faster toward earth is:
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their added weight is counteracted by their added resistance (p. 242 n&p) ALL OBJECTS FALL EQUALLY AT EQUAL VELOCITIES.
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What is the difference between mass and weight?
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Mass is the total of all matter in an object, sum of all electrons/protons/neutrons. Weight is total effect of gravity pulling on all these electrons protons and neutrons of an object.
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Formula for force
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Force = mass x accelleration
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Formula for weight
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Weight = mass x force of gravity
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Newtons Laws of Motion
(There are 3) |
1. body in motion will stay in motion until acted on by another force
2. law of accelleration: F=MxA, if multiple forces exist, direction and accelleration are propotional to sum of all forces (Called vectors 3. law of reciprocal action: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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The reason that objects of heavier weights do not fall faster toward earth is:
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their added weight is counteracted by their added resistance (p. 242 n&p) ALL OBJECTS FALL EQUALLY AT EQUAL VELOCITIES.
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What is force?
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Amount of energy required to move an object
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Formula for force
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Force = mass x accelleration
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What is a newton?
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the force required to accellerate a 1 kg weight 1 m/sec, or 1 m/sec/sec
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What is a dyne and when is it used?
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force required to move a 1 g weight 1 cm/sec, used in calculating systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance
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Newtons Laws of Motion
(There are 3) |
1. body in motion will stay in motion until acted on by another force
2. law of accelleration: F=MxA, if multiple forces exist, direction and accelleration are propotional to sum of all forces (Called vectors 3. law of reciprocal action: for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction |
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What is Pulmonary Vascular Resistance? (PVR)
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measure of the pulmonary vascular system's resistance to flow from the right ventricle
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What is force?
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Amount of energy required to move an object
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What is a newton?
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the force required to accellerate a 1 kg weight 1 m/sec, or 1 m/sec/sec
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What is a dyne and when is it used?
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force required to move a 1 g weight 1 cm/sec, used in calculating systemic and pulmonary vascular resistance
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What is Pulmonary Vascular Resistance? (PVR)
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measure of the pulmonary vascular system's resistance to flow from the right ventricle
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What is SVR? (Systemic Vascular Resistance)
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measure of the peripheral vascular system's resistance to flow that must be overcome for flow to occur -- L ventricle must pump blood w a force greater than resistance of vascular system
normal SVR = 900-1200 dyne sec/cm^5 |
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Force exists ________, and all forces possess _______.
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everywhere, direction
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A ________ is an example of a type of vector diagram that asslows us to calculate the predominant direction of electrical force in the myocardium, and records electrical flow as an upward or downward deflection on graph paper.
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ECG
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What is the formula for pressure?
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P = force/area
Increasing area in which a given force is applied reduces pressure, and in a smaller area the set force applied leads to greater pressure |
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This is the standard unit for measuring pressure
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Pascal (Pa) = 1 newton/1m^2
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A ____ is a more convenient unit for measuring pressure, and is a pascal x 1000
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A Kilopascal (kPa)
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Atmospheric gases are (less/more) concentrated at altitude and (less/more) concentrated at sea level.
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less, more
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Atmospheric pressure is...
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the column of gravitational force on gases over a given area
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1 torr =
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1 mmHg
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1 kPa =
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10.2 cm H20 = 7.5 mmHg
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1 atm =
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760 mmHg = 760 torr
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1 bar =
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100 kPa = 1020 cmH20 = 14.7 lb/inch^2
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The simplest method for measuring pressure is:
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the monometer
ex: sphygmomanometer (BP CUFF!) |
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Invasive BP monitors use a _______ that converts pressure waves into electrical signals.
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piezoelectric transducer
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Absolute Pressure =
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atmospheric pressure + gauge pressure
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______ gauges are often used in anesthesia to measure high pressures, such as gas cylinders, and are zeroed to atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg)
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Bourdon
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The ASTM mandates that a bourdon gauge zero reading must be between ___ and ____ positions.
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6 oclock and 9 oclock
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The law of conservation of energy:
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energy cannot be created nor destroyed
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Energy moves toward greater _____ or randomness
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entropy
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Absolute zero (0 degrees kelvin or -273.15 degrees celsius) is____ of all energy
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void
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Energy is
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the exertion of kinetic force or the capacity/potential to do work
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Unit for measurement of energy:
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the joule
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2 types of energy:
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potential (energy waiting to be used) and kinetic (energy of movement)
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Potential energy (PE) =
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mass x gravity x height
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Kinetic energy (KE) =
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1/2 (mass x velocity) ^2
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Entropy is the universe's trend to:
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equilibrate all things
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Entropy is _______; it i the movement of energy from a ____ concentration to a ____ concentration because of a gradient.
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unidirectional, higher, lower
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Entropy ends when
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all energy is equally distributed.
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Degrees K =
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C + 273
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Degrees F =
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1.8(C) +32
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Degrees Celsius =
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(F-32) / 1.8
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Standard temperature is
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273.15 deg K or 0 deg C
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Volatile and regional anesthetics _______ vessels, including peripherally, causin greater blood flow to body surface, and subsequent _____ ___.
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vasodilate, heat loss
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What is core temp redistribution?
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process of incr. heat loss from body resulting from vasodilating effects of volatile and regional anesthetics, which cause greater blood flow and therefore heat flow to body's surface from its core
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Greatest temp decrease during anesthesia occurs during :
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first hour
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Four processes by which blood flow to body's surface encourages heat loss:
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1. radiation
2. convection 3. conduction 4. evaporation |
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_____ is the most significant mechanism of heat loss from the body
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radiation
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____ is process of creating air currents by heat
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convection
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______ is transfer of heat by physically touching a less warm object
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conduction
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Latent heat of vaporization is:
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amount of heat energy per unit mass required to convert a liquid into the vapor phase
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unit of measurement for vaporization:
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kilojoules (kJ)
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boiling point
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temp at which the bulk of a liquid at a given pressure converts to a vapor
temp of a liquid cannot rise above this! |
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Volatile liquids have a _______ at room temp
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high vapor pressure
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Vapor pressure of isoflurane
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238 mmHg
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Vapor pressure of sevoflurane
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160 mmHg
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Vapor pressure of desflurane
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660 mmHg
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Vapor pressure of a liquid depends SOLELY on:
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temperature
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____ is composed of small particles called ____ and these are composed of atoms. Matter can be a solid, liquid or gas.
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matter, molecules
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Molecules in a _____ are held close together by intermolecular forces. The may move slightly and vibrate.
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Solid
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Molecules in a ____ are held together by intermolecular forces and may slide or flow by one another
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liquid
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Molecules in a ____ move more linearly, and the attractive forces between molecules re less thant heir kinetic energy. They move almost completely freely of one another
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Gas
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Molecules have ____ volume
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no
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Gas molecules exert no force on each other UNLESS
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they collide
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Collisions of molecules with each other or the walls of the container do not _____ the energy of the system.
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decrease
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The molecules of a gas are in ___ and ____ motion
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constant, random
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The temp of a gas depends entirely on its ____. The energy of a gas is entirely ____.
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kinetic energy, kinetic
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Charles Law
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when pressure is constant, temp and volume are directly proportional (As one increases, so does the other)
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Boyle's Law
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when temp is constant, pressure and volume are indirectly proportional (as one increases, the other decreases)
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Gay-Lussac's Law
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when volume is constant, pressure and temp are directly proportional (As one increases, so does the other)
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Ideal/Universal Gas Law
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Pressure x volume = n(moles) x r (constant 0.0821) x temperature
PV = nrT |
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In the universal gas law, T=
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P x V
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Avogadro's Number
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in a mole of any gas there are 6.023 x 10^23 molecules
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Van der waal's equation corrects the universal gas law and accounts for ___ and ____ of a gas.
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molecular volume and molecular interaction
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Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
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the total pressure of a system is the additive pressures of each individual gas in a mixture
multiple gases in a mixture each will exert a pressure in the proprotion to its percentage in the mixture total pressure = individual molecular collisions on walls of container |
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A rapid expansion or compression of a gas without equilibration of energy with surrounding environment is called _____. There is no incr. or decr. in system's energy
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adibiatic process
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What is the Joule Thompson effect?
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explains the cooling effect that occurs with adiabatic expansion of a gas
when you lower pressure of a gas an incr. volume, you quickly lower energy per area can manifest as frosting at cylinder outlet |
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If you open a gas cylinder slowly, you (avoid/promote) adiabatic changes?
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avoid!
this prevents changes in temp of gas |
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way that liquids respond to perpendicular force:
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resist compression
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way that gases respond to perpendicular force:
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compressible and easily expandable
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What is friction:
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resistance to flow from surfaceinteraction and is proportional to viscosity
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Viscosity is the physical property of a fluid that relates shear stress to rate of strain, and inherently resists:
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flow
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Flow =
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Quantity / time
F = Q/t |
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Three types of flow:
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Laminar: all molecules of fluid travel in parallel path within tube (terminal bronchioles)
Turbulent: chaotic with regular eddies throughout Transitional: turbulent in hte middle and laminar on the tube walls |
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Poiseuille's Law
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radius will have the most dramatic effect on flow
doubling radius has a 16-fold increase on flow, tripling is 81-fold (exponential) |
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Reynold's Number
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fluid density helps to determine whether flow is laminar or turbulent
Reynold's number <2000 is laminar flow, >2000 is turbulent |
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Bernoulli's Principle
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as flow passes through a narrowing tube, the velocity of flow increases and there is corresponding decrease in pressure at point of narrowing
seen in metered dose inhalers |
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A fluid can be a ____ or a _______.
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gas or liquid
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Venturi Effect
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by placing an orifice at narrowed region of flow, air can be entrained to enter the flow and pressure drops
seen in nebulizers |
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Coanda Effect
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tendency of a fluid flow to follow a curved surface upon emerging from a constriction-- can cause preferential flow in one tube at bifurcation just past a narrowing tube
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Laplace's Law
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Cylinders:
wall tension = pressure x radius spheres: 2 x wall tension= pressure x radius |
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Tension is a stress force exerted over a given area, and is measured in
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newtons per cm (N/cm)
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Surfactant is:
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substance that lowers surface tension in alveoli to prevent the effects of laplace's law -- by lowering surface tension, pressure in alveoli decr. --> stabilizes alveolar pressures
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2 types of waves:
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1. transverse: composed of un and down movement (electromagnetic radiation)
2. longitudinal: composed of back and forth movement along direction fo wave (sound waves) |
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Inverse Square Law
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as enery moves away from its source, its strength decreases
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Electricity is the change in potential energy cause by the movement of electrons from an area of ____ ____ to an area of ___ ____, and is measured in a unit called ____.
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high concentration, low concentration, coulombs (C)
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Coulombs Law
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like charges repel each other and opposite charges attract inversely to the square of their distance
charges repel/attract more when they are closer together |
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Ohm's LAW
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potential flow of electric charge is proportional to actual current, after accounting for resistance
E (volts) = I (current) x R (resistance) |
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Three shock mechanisms:
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1. direct wire contact w metal casing due to insulation damage or faulty construction
2. inductance due to flowing alternating current'smagnetic field, producing small electrical flow in surrounding metal casing despite no direct contact 3. stray capacitance from buildup of electrical potentias with an alternating current circuit despite no closed circuit electrical flow |
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Macroshock refers to...
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large amts of current conducted through the patient's skin and other tissues, current seeks path of least resistance, usually amt that reaches heart is insufficient to cause arrhythmia
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Microshock refers to...
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delivery of small amounts of current directly to the heart -- it only takes 50 mAmps to cause vfib to heart!
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Line isolation monitor alarms at:
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2 to 5 mAmps (5 is maximum harmless current)
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Bipolar electrocaudery devices (Do/don't) require a return electrode and are (more/less) likely to cause burn injury
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don't, less
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Unipolar electrocaudery devices have only one tip to deliver electric current to pt, and _____ must be placed on pt. Path (should/should not) cross the pt's heart.
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large surface area return electrode
should not! |
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Prior to electrocaudery surgery on a pt with a pacemaker, one should...
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interrogate the pacemaker to understand its settings and functions
not all pacers are reset when magnet applied into a continuous asynchronous mode |
