Scapa 7Th Grade Science Vocabulary - Cell Reproduction And Heredity

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Adenine

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A purine derivative. It is one of the major component bases of nucleotides and the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

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Allele

Back 2

One member of a pair or series of genes that occupy a specific position on a specific chromosome.

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Anaphase

Back 3

The stage of mitosis and meiosis in which the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the nuclear spindle.

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Centriole

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One of two cylindrical cellular structures that are composed of nine triplet microtubules and form the asters during mitosis.

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Centromere

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The most condensed and constricted region of a chromosome, to which the spindle fiber is attached during mitosis.

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Chromosome

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A threadlike linear strand of DNA and associated proteins in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that carries the genes and functions in the transmission of hereditary information

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Cytokinesis

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The division of the cytoplasm of a cell following the division of the nucleus.

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Cytosine

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A pyrimidine derivative. It is one of the principal component bases of nucleotides and the nucleic acids DNA and RNA.

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Diploid

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Having a pair of each type of chromosome, so that the basic chromosome number is doubled

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DNA

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A nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA. DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics.

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Dominant

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Of, relating to, or being an allele that produces the same phenotypic effect whether inherited with a homozygous or heterozygous allele.

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Gametes

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A reproductive cell having the haploid number of chromosomes, especially a mature sperm or egg capable of fusing with a gamete of the opposite sex to produce the fertilized egg.

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Genes

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A hereditary unit consisting of a sequence of DNA that occupies a specific location on a chromosome and determines a particular characteristic in an organism. Genes undergo mutation when their DNA sequence changes.

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Genotype

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The combination of alleles located on homologous chromosomes that determines a specific characteristic or trait.

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Haploid

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1. Having the same number of sets of chromosomes as a germ cell or half as many as a somatic cell.
2. Having a single set of chromosomes.

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Heterozygous

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Having different alleles at one or more corresponding chromosomal loci.

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Homologous Chromosomes

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Having the same morphology and linear sequence of gene loci as another chromosome.

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Hybrid

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The offspring of genetically dissimilar parents or stock, especially the offspring produced by breeding plants or animals of different varieties, species, or races.

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Incomplete Dominance

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A heterozygous condition in which both alleles at a gene locus are partially expressed, often producing an intermediate phenotype

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Interphase

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The stage of a cell between two successive mitotic or meiotic divisions

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Karotype

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The complete set of chromosomes that constitutes the entire genome of a species. The human karyotype contains forty-six chromosomes, twenty-three from each parent. This set is contained in the nucleus of almost every cell in the body

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Meiosis

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The process of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the number of chromosomes in reproductive cells from diploid to haploid, leading to the production of gametes in animals and spores in plants

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Metaphase

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The stage of mitosis and meiosis, following prophase and preceding anaphase, during which the chromosomes are aligned along the metaphase plate.

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Mitosis

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The process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, typically consisting of four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and normally resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes.

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Multiple alleles

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Any of a set of three or more alleles, or alternative states of a gene, only two of which can be present in a diploid organism.

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Mutation

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A change of the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of an organism resulting in the creation of a new character or trait not found in the parental type

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Nitrogen Bases

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A basic compound that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine.

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Pedigree

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A chart or diagram of the ancestral history of a family or of an extended family (kindred), or of individual family members, their relationships and their status regarding a trait or condition. It is used in genetics to analyze inheritance

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Phenotype

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The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences

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Polygenic Inheritance

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Relating to a characteristic or disease controlled by the interaction of genes at more than one locus.

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Prophase

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The first stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down, and the spindle apparatus forms at opposite poles of the cell.

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Punnett Square

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a matrix that shows all of the possible combinations of male and female gametes when one or more pairs of independent alleles are crossed.

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Pure

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Having a homogeneous or uniform composition

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Sister Chromatid

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a chromatid formed by a replicating chromosome during interphase; because they are derived from the one homolog and joined at the center they are exact copies of each other.

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Spindle Fibers

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the microtubules radiating from the centrioles during mitosis and forming a spindle-shaped configuration

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Trait

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A genetically determined structure, attribute, or function

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Telophase

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The final stage of mitosis or meiosis during which the chromosomes of daughter cells are grouped in new nuclei

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Zygote

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The cell that is formed by the union of two gametes, especially a fertilized ovum before cleavage