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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Aims of children’s lit before WWII
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1. Good morals
2. Proper manners 3. A sense of Christianity -Children’s lit was mainly lit for adults not children because the books were about morals, adults benefitted. -If the children read the books it would help them to be good citizens in the future. |
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Aims of children's lit after WWII
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1. To teach the child to master language, and to enjoy experimenting with words
2. To orient the child in time and space 3. To orient the child socially – to describe people’s relationship to each other and to our environment 4. To stimulate children’s fantasy and to encourage them to be creative |
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John Locke
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-17th century philosopher
-Children are a blank slate -Children had to read in order to fill this slate -Recommended fables for the children to read (Aesop's Fables) -Advocated that there should be a certain aesthetic form to the children’s reading -No superstition in stories |
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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-18th century philosopher
-Nature created man good. Society corrupts children. -Educate children in accordance with nature. -Reading is bad. Children should never have to learn anything by heart. Fables are unsuitable. -Robinson Crusoe he recommended is ok to read |
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Fables
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-Weren’t originally intended for children
-Very old genre, earliest type of lit -Strongly recommended by Martin Luther and Locke -1603 first Scandinavian book of fables published Has a very precise structure: -One anecdote -Characters are animals with human characteristics -Always illustrate the certain acts all have consequences -Always ends with a moral (“moral of the story”) -Should always contain a warning |
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New genre in which the children themselves were the characters
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-Comical stories about children who lie, eat too much, are loud mouths, etc.
-Punishment is usually some sort of transformation |
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Shock-Headed Peter
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-German physician wrote it for his 4 year old son
-First picture book -Published in 1845 -Very popular book -Helped teach children a lesson |
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Charles Perrault
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-Tales of Mother Goose
-1697 -Started the turning point of folktales being adapted for children (fairytales) -Little Red Riding Hood, Sleeping Beauty, Cinderella, Puss in Boots |
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Folktales
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-Adult entertainment... children would listen in b/c they were around, but they weren’t the primary listeners
-Skilled, specialized story tellers -Part of peasant culture in Europe -A world full of dangers, you had to overcome them (trolls in forests) -Stories often travel from farm to farm, way of keeping strong ties -Justice would prevail in the end in these stories -Several episodes -Anonymous authors (could be either a man or a woman) -Happy ending (usually a wedding -Very easy to understand, good contrast b/w good and evil, lots of action, freedom, happy endings, etc. |
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The Brothers Grimm
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-Nursery and Household Tales 1812
-German -Both the Brothers Grimm were academics and didn’t plan to write children’s stories originally -Only certain parts of folktales became stories for children -Most of these stories the children encounter big things and are weak in the beginning, but they always triumph in the end (Hansel and Gretel encounter a witch) |
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Thematic Oppositions
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-Young vs. old
-Boy vs. girl -Big vs. small -Rich vs. poor -Light vs. dark -Good vs. evil |
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Symbolic Elements
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-The Split – confliction aspects of a character split on several figures in the tale
-Particularization – Dry-Wet; Death-Life; Water = The life force of women, birth -Projection – feelings and reactions are projected as phenomena in the surrounding world -Externalization – inner qualities are expressed as attributes. Ex: pearls drop from the good girl’s hair when she combs it -Hyperbole – intensity of feeling is expressed by exaggeration. The opponent isn’t just large, he’s a giant -Quantification – events are multiplied, usually by 3, sometimes 7 or 9 |
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Folktale Analysis
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• Characters? Types (Trolls; princesses; boys; girls?) Characterization (Stereotypes; individualized?)
• Setting; Time? • Beginning? • Plot? Conflicts, obstacles, oppositions. Between whom? • Style: Realistic? Humorous? Bawdy? Sentimental? Supernatural? • Point of View: Omniscient? Objective? Male? Female? • Ending? • Recurring motifs? Themes? Numbers? • Disguises? Transfigurations? |
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Kittelsen Trolls
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-Norwegian trolls (scary)
-Illustrated Asbjornsen and Moe’s children’s edition -Trolls were associated with the devil -Were only there during the night -Were incorporated into nature |
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Swedish Troll
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-Dumb
-Less scary -Much easier to cheat -Rich with jewelry -Very big compared to humans |
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Forest Gnomes
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-They kept order in the farm
-Wanted you to respect nature -Better keep on good terms with them or things would happen -Tomte/s – Nisse -Original Tomten didn’t interact with children, they eventually were pictured to interact with them later on |
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Asbjornsen and Moe
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-Wanted to record folktales; saw importance as a part of nation building
-Folktales = reminisce of Vikings (great Norway!) -Created the book of Norwegian Folktales -1845 Norske Folkeeventyr (Norwegian folktales) published (English 1889) -Went to country side to find true and pure Norwegian folktales (no outside influence) -Published in pamphlet form |
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Napoleonic Wars (Denmark, Sweden, and Norway)
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Denmark lost the Napoleonic Wars against Sweden. Norway left Denmark and joined with Sweden. Norway eventually gained its independence later.
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Ivar Aasen
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-He traveled on foot around Norway to find the “authentic” Norwegian language
-1848: Published the first official landsmal grammar book -Nynorsk, one of two official languages in Norway (25% people speak Nynorsk; west coast of Norway, highly political and used in the arts) |
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John Bauer
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-Illustrator
-Creator of the Swedish trolls -Nordic nature as backdrop -Subdued colors: brown and ochra -Striking compositions, often profiles to indicate motion or transition -the girl/princess characters all had long blonde hair and were very skinny -Great simplicity, ornamental -Contrasts b/w light and dark, strong and weak, big and small, forest and meadow, troll and princess, silence of the forest and the speed of the rider -Trolls – good natured and stupid, not scary |
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Elsa Beskow
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-Fabulous eye for detail
-Playfulness -Tenderness for all things small and vulnerable -She brings us down to the forest floor, e.g. we as the readers are no larger than the blueberry bushes -The spiders and other creatures are apart of the story -Her illustrations of nature are all botanically correct -They bring back memories, offer comfort, you can almost smell the strawberries in one of her pictures, make us give nature respect, etc. -Tale of the Little, Little Old Woman - art deco style -Peter in Blueberry Land -Children of the Forest -Forest is a good place to live – you take care of nature, it will take care of you (not a mysterious scary place) |
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Swedish Fairytales
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-Authored tales
-Not always a happy ending -Have some characteristics of fables and folktales -Criticism that folktales weren’t for children, so fairytales were created, however they were directed toward the upper class. |
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Kalevala
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-Big part of Finnish culture
-National epic used to teach morals -One of the most significant works of Finnish lit -Ancient songs and stories -For adults and children (other versions created) -Very repetitive -Female characters tend to be the most powerful -Men tend to be more pathetic characters, chase women around to try to seduce them but don’t succeed |
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When did the interest in folklore arise in Europe?
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Turn of the century (beginning of 1800s, end of 1700s)
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Finnish History
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Finland first belonged to Sweden, then to Russia, then gained independence.
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Lonnrot
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-Created the first Kalevala edition, he collected and recorded all the stories (1835)
-Helped build the Finnish nation |
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Vainamoinen
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The wise old singer
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Lemminkainen
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The character who dies in the river of death, gets chopped up in a bunch of pieces. Is put back together and raised from the dead by his mother.
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Sampo
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-Brightly colored lid, good luck charm, gives you good fortune if you have it and ruin if you lose it
It has 3 sides -One side grinds out flour, one salt, and one gold -Whoever has it has an unlimited supply of rain, salt and gold -It is really hard to grow food in Finland, so when you have a magical way of providing for yourself you’re very lucky It has problems: -People fight over leading to the destruction of the Sampo itself -Too good for the people to hang onto |
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Possible difficulties of the Kalevala for children and young readers
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-The language
-Perception of Kalevala as dreary hw So... they created shortened versions, children’s versions |
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Mauri Kunnas
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-Finnish children’s book author and cartoonist
-Topics: Santa Clause, modern life, history, Finnish history and lit -The Canine Kalevala |
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The Canine Kalevala
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-Battle b/w Kalevala and Pohjola become the battle b/w dogs and wolves
-Illustrated by Kunnas -Adjusted to child readers-Many images are doglike versions of Akseli Gallen-Kallela’s paintings |
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Akseli Gallen-Kallela
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-Kalevala – Gallen-Kallela edition
-Published 1878 -Illuminated, illustrated by Akseli Gallen-Kallela |
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Kalevala in Finnish everyday life
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-Names
-Companies -Everyday language -Arts |
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Hans Christian Andersen Background
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-His tales grew out of his own experience
-Folktales, infused with deeply felt experience -From Denmark -In the US mostly known as the author of fairytales for children, but that is really only recognizing part of his genius -Mentor Jonas Collin -Unhappy/humiliating stay at a grammar school -Tormented by his teachers -Edvard Collin -Louise Collin -Double audience: the children and their parents |
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HCA's Magic
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-Simple vocab: green forests, deep moats
-No abstract expressions -Concrete descriptions, vivid pictures -Onomatopoetic words: peep, splash, bang, quack -Comfortable, reassuring, endearing, familiar details -Evokes a sense of intimacy -Feels genuine, heart-felt, true, honest |
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Selma Lagerlof
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-The Wonderful Adventure of Nils
-First woman and first Swede to win the Nobel Prize in Literature -First woman featured on Swedish currency (20 crown bill) |
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New Primary Reader
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-Selma was asked to write a textbook about Swedish geography and culture for elementary schools (700 pages long!)
-The existing reader from 1868 was geared towards children of the working class Main messages: -Be obedient -Be content with what you have -Be humble New Reader: -Dual Purpose: 1. Educational/pedagogical 2. Existential -Teach geography -What does it mean to be a human being? -What are our responsibilities in and to nature and to the world we live in? |
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Nils Holgersson
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-Lazy
-Disrespectful -Cruel to animals -Example of the ash lad (borrowed from traditional folktales) |
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Other important characters in Nils
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-The Tomte: don't mess with nature, the house tomte rules
-Morten goosey-gander: Nils' best friend -Akka from Kebnekaise: wise old mother goose |
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Disadvantages of not being human, of being a tomte
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-People and animals are bigger than you – and you are at their mercy
-You have to live in a hole in the ground -You can't inherit your parents farm -No girl will marry you |
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Lessons in The Wonderful Adventures of Nils
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1. be a friend, help those in need
2. humans are not universally appreciated or respected, you have to prove yourself 3. be brave, smart, help your friends 4. value freedom 5. share the earth with other species (from Akka) |
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Lasting Legacy of Selma's Book
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-Share the earth with animals and other species
-Take care of the environment; respect nature |
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HCA Analysis
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-Title
-Genre: folktale, fairytale, authored tale -Country of Origin -Time -Setting -Characters -Structure: Journey, quest, episodic? -Beginning: Once upon a time, In medias res -End: happy ending with a moral (don’t judge someone too quickly could be one moral) -Short Plot Summary -Theme -Style -Symbols -Allegory -Autobiographical Elements |
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Invisible Folks
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-Tomte: little elf-like men who live in the ground. They protected humans as long as the humans aren't mean to them. Humans had to respect nature or something bad would happen.
-Trolls: large monsters who lived in forests or on hills/mountains. Some are mean and scary, others are dumb and easy to trick. -Witches: would give humans potions and other magical things in exchange for something of theirs. |
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Allegory
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something that can be read and interpreted at different levels
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Different levels at which the Ugly Duckling can be read
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-Autobiographical: glorification of your own genius
-Anti-bullying message for children -Satire of contemporary society -Revenge on persons HCA felt had wronged him -Allegorical: the birth of an artist |
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Selma's aims of The Wonderful Travels of Nils
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-Share the earth with other species
-Respect nature -Existentialism: what it means to be a human being, teach geography, etc. -Educational/pedagogical |
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What does Nils learn from living with these geese?
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-to be a friend and help those in need
-you have to prove yourself as a human, they aren't universally respected -be brave, smart, and help out your friends -value your family above material wealth -value freedom -share the earth with other species |
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Fairytales Analysis
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Title
Genre Country of Origin: Sweden Time: End of 1800s Setting Characters Structure: Quest, journey, episodic Beginning: Once upon a time, in medias res End Short Plot Summary Themes Style: humorous, supernatural, Symbols: quantification, externalization, hyperbole, transfiguration |
