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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does anything to do with oxidation occur? |
Mitchondria |
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Where does FA oxidation occur |
Mitchondria |
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Where does FA synthesis occur |
Cystol |
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Where does AA catabolism occur |
In the cystol and mitochondria |
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What is an allosteric enzyme |
binds to a site other then the active site and result in change of shape of the enzyme |
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After _ days can the brain adapt to ketone |
3 |
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The brain consume _ amount of glucose per day at resting |
60 % |
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The liver stores __ of glycoen |
25% |
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What does the brain,retina and rbi have in common |
lack mitochondria |
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What are the four paths of G-6-P |
Glucose, Glycogen, Pentose Phosphate and F-6-P |
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What are the four phases of Pyruvate |
Latic acid, alanine,ethanol and TCA |
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five phases for acetyl coA |
AA,FA,KB,Citrate,cholesterol |
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Three phases for OAA |
Citrate, malate and PEP |
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Where does the electron transport chain take place? |
Mitchondria |
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Three rates for sprinter,marathon and iron |
39-73,6.2-16.7,6-10 |
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A sprinter produces what? |
Latic acid |
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what is hexokinase km? |
0.1 |
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What is Hexokinase inhibited by |
its product G-6-P |
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what inhibits and activates PFK-1? |
ATP AND Citrate inhibt AMP ADP and Fructose-2-6-biphospahte activate it.
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What does Fructose -2-3 biP do? |
It activates PFK-1 producing Fructose 1-6 biphosospte for glycoclosys and inhibits FBPase-1 to produce fructose 6 -phosphate for GNG |
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What inhibits and activates Pyruvate Kinase |
ATP, acetyl co A and long chain fatty acids inhibit and Fructose-1-6BP activate it. |
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What percent of glycogen does the muscle store and what are it fuel sources |
75% FA,glucose and KB |
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How much energy does adipose store? |
80% |
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What does the liver prefer over glucose? |
a-ketoacids derive from degradation of AA |
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AN ALTRUISTIC ORGAN? |
liver |
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• Human genome codes for:- |
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What two things does glucagon activate |
GNG AND GGL |
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GGL stands for |
glycogenolysis |
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Glucagon inhibts |
Glycoloysis and glycogenesis (GG) |
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Name the pathway for glucagon |
Glucagon is relaxed when glucose level is below 3.5. It is a 29 aa relaxed from the alpha pancreas cells and a 10 to the 10 concentration. It binds to the glucagon receptor which goes through an conformation change to relase it on the inner memebrain. It then activate G-protein (GTP switched on and Beta and lamb subunit dissociate). this then activated Adenylate Cyclase (AC) which activate camp. camp-dpk s PKA allosterically & when activated PKA phosphorylates several protein targets on Ser/Thr residues |
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Five targets of Glucagon |
Activate Glycogen Phosphrolyation Inhibts Glycogen Synthase Inhibts PFK-1 Inhibts L-PK Pyruvate Kinase Activates PEPCK via Creb protein in nuclues PFK-2 is inactivated and FBPase-2 activated when a Ser residue in the regulatory domain is phosphorylated by PKA
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what does PFK-2 is inactivated and FBPase-2 activated cause
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PFK-1 which reduces glycolysis |
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Adrenaline (Epinephrine) synthesised from ? |
tyrosine in 4 steps via dopamine intermediate |
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Adrenaline (and Noradrenaline) are synthesized in & secreted from the _______ of the adrenal gland located above the kidney. |
medulla |
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Adrenaline and Noradreanline are ________ |
catecholamines. |
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Noradrenaline is the main neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nerves of the ____________ |
cardiovascular system. |
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Adrenaline receptor is called |
-adrenergic receptor |
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beta -adrenergic receptor hitscamp just like glucagon but which is more sensitive |
glucagon |
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in liver adrelanline stimulates |
gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis |
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in muscle however it stimulates |
glycolysis and glycogenolysis |
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Adrenaline stimulates glycogenolysis and glycolysis in muscle so that ATP can be produced quickly for energy for |
flight or fight |
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Why is Muscle PK not phosoorlayed |
it lacks the serene resiude |
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Which serene does liver PK have |
seirne 12 |
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explain the neuronal signalling |
action potential rekases ch, ash receptor hit SR realises ca which increase Glycogen phosphorylase causing mustase enzyme from g-1-p to g-6-p producing 3 tap and lactic acid. |
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describe inulin |
Insulin is a 51 am select from pancreas beta cells. wo chains (A and B) linked by two –S–S– bonds • Synthesized as preproinsulin in pancreas • Pre‐peptide (signal) and C‐peptide cleaved to yield active insulin hormone
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Describe Insulin pathway |
Glucose Fedstate above 9 mm. Promotes up take via Glut 2 in the beta cells of the pancreas. Triggering the relase of insulin (once c peptide cleaved one and ab chain liked by two sulphur form) insulin realised has 10 to 10 (o.1nm) relaxed in blood stream. Receptor conformational change auto phosrorplation of beta subunit on tyrosine. activates IRS1 which p grb2 that enter nucleus initiates a response through MAP kinase pathway increasing protein transcription then synthesis. Irs-1 takes PI--3K is P and becomes active. When the p pip2 which activates pp3 10 to onus 8 molar. pip3 senses vesicles containing glut 4 transport promo totes diffusion and up regulation of glucose uptake. bouncer allow glucose in. pip3 p gsk3 and inactivates it and promotes glycogen synthase stimulating glycogen production. |
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Name 5 key factors in insulin |
IRS-1, GRB2, P1-3K, PIP3, GSK-3. |
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Mammalian glucose transporters have 1____transmembrane helices |
12 |
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insulin____glycongen phosphate |
inhints |
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diabetes |
Type I is caused by autoimmune destruction of insulin secreting pancreatic cells; Type II is prevalent in obese middle-aged people and may be genetic |
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_______ is also known as Insulin- Resistance Syndrome or Syndrome X |
Metabolic syndrome |
