Sb 19-25

Front 1

What does the R in BEFORE stand for?

Back 1

Replication, a must: Verifiable and Unverifiable

Front 2

What three issues does the Replication SB discuss?

Back 2

-Verifiable and unverifiable positions
-Public and private evidence
-Direct and indirect evidence

Front 3

What is the soundest strategy we have today to approach the study of a new set of events?

Back 3

Deal with the more simple occurrences first

Front 4

How have basic principles been established?

Back 4

In lab procedures by manipulating one condition (IV) and observing its effect upon some other condition (DV)

Front 5

How are complications in experiments avoided?

Back 5

By insuring that other conditions (Extraneous variables) which could act as independent variables do not influence the outcome.

Front 6

What can be considered after basic principles have been established by means of lab experimentation?

Back 6

More complex sets of interacting variables.

Front 7

What can happen after the basic principles have been verified in more complex situations?

Back 7

The principles and procedures can be applied to the solution of practical real life problems.

Front 8

What has experimental psychology turned to in order to separate the relationships of complex environmental variables acting on complex behaviors?

Back 8

Laboratory simplification;

the study of simpler organisms, simpler situations, and simpler behaviors

Front 9

What are the several types of verification mentioned by Braithwaite?

Back 9

-Direct verification
-Support from comparative studies
-basic learning principles verify other behaviors of humans
-Principles are verified under new conditions

Front 10

What do we call a statement if it cannot be confirmed or accepted?

Back 10

Unverifiable

Front 11

What is the aim of science, above all else?

Back 11

To discover new and useful information in the form of verifiable data

Front 12

Verifiable in practice

Back 12

We have the means to verify a statement

Front 13

Verifiable in principle

Back 13

We may someday have the means, but we do not have them yet

Front 14

What if we will never have the means?

Back 14

It is unverifiable

Front 15

What does science rely on?

Back 15

Publicly verifiable observation.

Front 16

What evidence if of little value?

Back 16

That which is private to an individual or unverifiable.

Front 17

When are arguments useful?

Back 17

1) When all inference and speculation are eliminated

2) When agreement exists among observers of an event concerning facts

Front 18

When is an assertion publicly verifiable?

Back 18

When it can be verified by more than one person.

Front 19

What is evidence which might be obtained equally well by any of a number of observers, or evidence whith two or more observers can record at the same time is called ...

Back 19

public or objective

Front 20

Indirectly verifiable

Back 20

Can be indirectly observed by means of their effects;

e.g. an electron

Front 21

Heart rate and papillary dilation are [blank] measures of behavior

Back 21

Direct

Front 22

An indirect measure of behavior is one that ...

Back 22

describes the resulting effect from the behavior.

Front 23

What does the E in BEFORE stand for?

Back 23

Evaluation techniques based on measurement

Front 24

Measurement

Back 24

a process of assigning symbols to varying magnitudes of given properties according to a set of rules;

numerical description

Front 25

What is the tool of measurement process used for?

Back 25

to observe the amount of something

Front 26

What is the acronym for remembering simple measures of responses?

Back 26

A RED FLAP

Front 27

What does A RED FLAP stand for?

Back 27

-A-ccuracy
-R-ate
-E-rrors
-D-uration of a response
-F-requency of a response
-L-atency of a response
-A-mplitude
-P-ercentage of correct responses / percentage of time that the appropriate response occurs

Front 28

Accuracy

Back 28

measured in terms of distance from a given point

Front 29

Rate

Back 29

the amount of something per unite of time

Front 30

Errors

Back 30

the fewer errors, the more proficient at a task

Front 31

Duration of a response

Back 31

the time between the beginning of a response and its termination

(e.g. person's proficiency at parking is determined by how long it takes them to do it)

Front 32

Frequency of a response

Back 32

how often a response occurs

(e.g. more frequent the bar press, the better the learning)

Front 33

Latency of a response

Back 33

the time between the onset of the stimulus and the subject's initation of the response

(i.e. reaction time)

Front 34

Amplitude

Back 34

amount of or force of the response

(e.g. amount of salivation; force of lever press)

Front 35

Percentage of correct responses or percentage of time correct response occurs

Back 35

Can be easily used.

(e.g. percentage of time spent sucking thumb)

Front 36

What are the additional five measures of responses? (SPRTT)

Back 36

1) Saving Score
2) Percentage and Rate compared
3) Rating scales
4) Trials to Criterion
5) Trials to extinction or termination of behavior

Front 37

Saving score

Back 37

how many trials does one save in relearning a task by recall, reconstruction, reproduction, or recognition?

Front 38

Percentage and Rate compared

Back 38

in many cases only one response may follow a stimulus, but in others many responses occur

Front 39

Rating scales

Back 39

rating the quality of a given response

Front 40

Trials to criterion

Back 40

how many trials it takes to produce a perfect performance

Front 41

Trials to extinction or termination of behavior after stopping the procedure

Back 41

How many trials it takes to get rid of a behavior

Front 42

During learning, the amplitude of a response should ...

Back 42

increase

Front 43

What exist when rate is used as a response measure?

Back 43

Stages

Front 44

What is the "southeast" mark used to indicate?

Back 44

The "hatch" or "pip" is often used to indicate that a response has been reinforced (rewarded)

Front 45

The [blank] of the curve at any point is a valid indicator of the rate of responding.

Back 45

slope

Front 46

How can you determine the number of responses between two point on a record when the steps are small?

Back 46

By using a scale

Front 47

When a cumulative curve is used to record behavior, the slope indicates [blank].

Back 47

Rate

Front 48

In a cumulative record, the number of responses can be determined by the distance traversed by the pen in a [blank] direction.

Back 48

Vertical

Front 49

In a cumulative record, time is indicated by the distance traversed by the pen in a [blank] direction.

Back 49

Horizontal

Front 50

What does the A stand for in SB?

Back 50

Amorality Principle in Science

Front 51

Amorality principle

Back 51

states that science does not judge or evaluate the moral values and implications of the events observed

Front 52

What do scientists attempt to be in inquiry?

Back 52

objective

Front 53

What does the nature of inquiry stress?

Back 53

A professional standard

Front 54

What must the psychologist do when observing the behavior of people?

Back 54

Withhold making value judgements

Front 55

What approach holds the key to the future?

Back 55

Scientific, experimental approach

Front 56

What is science a search for?

Back 56

What is

Front 57

How can guiding be most effective?

Back 57

Through the use of conditioning techniques

Front 58

What can we do as we understand and control behavior?

Back 58

Understand and control the misuse of science, because the misuse of science is behavior

Front 59

What does the S stand for in SCIENCE?

Back 59

System important

Front 60

What did Titchener say was the best way to begin a study when there are differences of opinion?

Back 60

To master one system thoroughly

Front 61

What did Bacon say about truth?

Back 61

It emerges more quickly from error than from confusion.

Front 62

What is important for you to do, both practically and theoretically?

Back 62

To organize your knowledge.

Front 63

What are the benefits from acquiring a systematic orientation?

Back 63

-Learn to think psychologically about everyday affairs
-approach to new problems will be more direct and incisive
-estimates of the significance of new findings should be more telling
-be less disturbed by claims of quacks and less blinded by popular fancy

Front 64

What should not fear about the study of a system of behavior?

Back 64

That it will either restrict your movement or narrow your vision;

the opposite is true.

Front 65

According to Keller, a thorough learning of one system of psychology will:

Back 65

1) Increase the quality of productive activity

2)Increase the quantity of productive activity

3) Open up more exciting realms

4) Give a perspective no other approach can offer

Front 66

What does Titchener assert is the best way to begin a new study?

Back 66

To master one system thoroughly.

Front 67

What does the C in SCIENCE stand for?

Back 67

Comparative studies valued

Front 68

What is the acronym for why we should use lower organisms in research?

Back 68

GO CAT

Front 69

What does GO CAT stand for?

Back 69

-G-eneralization
-O-wn sake

-C-ontrolled history
-A-vailability
-T-aboo Areas

Front 70

What can be derived from animal research?

Back 70

principles which can be applied to human behavior

Front 71

Own Sake

Back 71

Animal behavior is a valid subject for study in its own right

can be used to predict and control animal behavior

Front 72

Controlled histories

Back 72

-the environment animals live in is more easily controlled (variables can be help constant, negating the effect of extraneous variables)

-inheritance can be studied through many generations in species with rapid reproduction rates

Front 73

Availability

Back 73

Supply of subjects is plentiful and cost is low;

organism is available for continuous observations

Front 74

Taboo

Back 74

taboo exists against doing certain kinds of research with humans

Front 75

Some people feel that using animals for behavioral research with an intent to generalize to humans detracts from human [blank], but one might contend the only way an individual can become free and have dignity is to learn the [blank] of his/her behavior

Back 75

dignity

cause

Front 76

What are four reasons for experimenting with lower animals?

Back 76

1) Their lives are more easily controlled

2) The results of findings can be applied to understanding aspects of human behavior

3) Inheritance can be studied through several generations

4) The effects of drugs, etc can be studied; results might prove helpful in treating human disease

Front 77

Compariative studies have what 3 advantages?

Back 77

1) Continuous observations are possible

2) Techniques for human research can be developed

3) The animal situation lends itself to control

Front 78

What must a science contend to do before it can move on?

Back 78

Wait to solve difficult problems until it has solved some of the simpler questions.

Front 79

What does I in SCIENCE stand for?

Back 79

Irrelevant questions in science

Front 80

What is highly valued in science?

Back 80

Remaining without an answer until an adequate answer is found.

Front 81

What hinders advancement?

Back 81

Purely speculative answers

Front 82

What does science have high regard for?

Back 82

Questions

Front 83

What 2 things does science do rather than accept an inadequate answer?

Back 83

-Goes without one
-Experiments to find an adequate one

Front 84

What must a question be in terms of?

Back 84

Observable components