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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Corn ear worm...?
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predisposes corn to ear rot.
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What mycotoxins are produced?
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fumonisms, B1&B2
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horses becoming ill led to the discovery of
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Fumonisms
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what was the cause of getting sick
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they got brain disease
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what italian food contained fumonisms?
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polenta, high levels of it were consumed in Italy
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Eventually Fumonisms lead to?
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correlates with higher indigance of esophageal cancer
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Maximum level of fumonisms in food?
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less than 4ppm in humans
1ppm in horses 5ppm in chickens |
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how are fumonisin managed in corn
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biological pesticide..insecticides to prevent corn ear worm damage
Bt(bachillus thruginiesis) |
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what does the Bt bacteria have that is important?
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it has a protein which kills insects
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how is this bacteria used in plants?
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the pesticide which contains this bacteria is sprayed on the crop
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what does the Bt gene code for?
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it codes for a toxin, that kills the insect. leads to the 90% reduction of fumonism
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Is Bt-corn considered a pesticide?
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yes, it must be approved by the FDA
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is this corn specific to any insects
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yes, no risk for non target insects
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what are the effects of this corn on humans?
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it is degraded by stomach enzymes=dietrty protein
which is non toxic and non allergenic |
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what are the benifits of Bt corn?
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1. higher yields
2. less mycotoxins in corn 3. reduced pesticide use |
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what potential problems do Bt corn present?
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selection for Bt resistant insect plants
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what causes beer gushing?
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contaminated barely
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what determines risk of pesticides and mycotoxins?
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toxicity and exporsure
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what posses a greater risk, fungicides or aflotoxin B1
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aflotoxin B1, by 300% LD
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what are barriers on the human body that prevents, fungal infections?
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1. skin-poor substrate for growth(dry non nutritive) and the dead cells shed
2.body temperate 37 C is too high for most fungi 3 Immune system |
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what are characterisitics of fungi that cause disease?
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1. growth below 37 C
2. ability to degrade keratin 3. capable of yeast like growth (thermally dimorphic), switch at 37 C |
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where is keratin on the human body?
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1.hair
2.nail 3.skin |
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Are anitbiotics useful in treating fungal infections?
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no, antibiotics are anti-bacterial,
there are very few theraputic uses options for fungal diseases |
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why are fungal infections hard to treat?
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1. fungal cells are similar to human cells(eukayotic)
so it is diffiecult to find drugs that do not also affect humans 2. small market for antifungal drugs, but its growing |
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what is one reason why fungal infections are becoming more common today?
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1. people have compromised immune systems because of the HIV
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What factors into a depressed immune system?
(5 factors) |
1.cancer patients
2.Cimothearpy 3.Radiation treatment 4.Organ transplant 5.Diabetes |
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what is the most common problem caused by fungi?
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Allergies
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where can you find the most spores?
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outside, spores come from the out-door environment
and air borne dust that comes into Florida from Africa |
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where do fungi end up in the human body?
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they are non pathogenic and non-toxic
lungs, throat, eyes |
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what are the uses of cyclosporins?
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cyclosporins are used to supress the immune system durig a transplant surgery
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Toxins in spores cause?
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sore throat and fatigue
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What are good substrates for fungi?
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paper on wallboard which is rich in cellulose, and has moisture
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treatment of fungi growing in homes?
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fix leaks, remove colonized materials, and improve air circulation
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guys house get infected by fungi?
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the insurance company burns it down builds him a new house to avio liability problems
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what opportunities do toxic molds provide?
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porvide opportunity for businesses offering testing services
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Corn ear worm...?
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predisposes corn to ear rot.
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What mycotoxins are produced?
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fumonisms, B1&B2
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horses becoming ill led to the discovery of
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Fumonisms
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what was the cause of getting sick
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they got brain disease
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what italian food contained fumonisms?
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polenta, high levels of it were consumed in Italy
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Fungi affect humans through?
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1. toxic mold
2.allergies(no toxins, no infections 3.Pathogens 4.toxins in spores |
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what are Dermatophytes?
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superficial infections which affec the nails, hair, skin
they are causes by Trichophyton |
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Nail infections
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50 % of nail problems
35 million americans growth towards the root, starts at the tip |
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how are nail infections treated?
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1. remove all parts of the nail
2.topical fungicide 3. oral medication |
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results of using topical fungicide?
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29-36% cure rate after 48 weeks
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what is the best treatment for fungal infections?
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oral medication is the most effective
lamisil 70% cure rate, 12 weeks |
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What does Lamasil do?,
are there any side effects? |
it disrupts cell membranes specific to fungi
side effects are minor and transistant |
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What is another developing treatment for nail fungasl infections?
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Laser treatment,
shows promise does not damage skin or cause side effects |
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what is another fungal infection?
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Hair Shaft infection
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what are the results of the hair shaft infection?
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hair becomes brittle and falls out
nodule spores in the shaft |
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Symptoms of the hair shaft infection?
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infections may remain symptomless for for years
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treatment of hair shaft infections?
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1. haircut
2.topical fungicides |
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infection of the scalp?
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tania captis
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Infection of the face?
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tanea barberae
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What is the most common fungal infection?
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athletes foot affects 70% of all people during there lifetime
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where does the ring worm happen?
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on the neck
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wherre on the human body is a fungal infection likely to occur?
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where skin remains the most moist
occupational hazard |
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in what region are fungal infections most common?
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tropic regions
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what fungal infection goes untreated many times?
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Trichophyton spp
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what part of the eye do fungal infections infect?
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the cornea
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what are the risk factors of eye infections?
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1.trauma and soil
2. eye surgery 3. contact lenses |
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what fungi is the cuase of eye infetions?
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fusarium solani
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where is fusarium solani most common
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common is soil and air
is an opportunistic this fungi is also the cause of fruit rot in zucchini |
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what is another cause of eye infection?
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depressed immune system
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what is the name of a yeast infection of the eye?
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Canadiasis
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Canadiasis, has what type of relationship with humans?
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commensalism- it gains a benefit without damage
it is dimorphic |
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Candida albicans is a common inhibitant of ?
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skin
mucous membranes Urogenital tract Gastrointestinal tract |
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candida albicans is limited by?
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hose immune system
and cooccuring bacteria |
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what type of growth inhibits yeast?
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bacterial growth
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what do antibiotics do to bacteria
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they suppress bacterial and promote yeast infections
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what is thrush?
and what bacteria is it causes by? |
infection of the oral cavity
Candida albicans |
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thrush is most common in?
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premature infants and the elderly- because they have a poorly functioning immune system
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what are the risk factors of genital infecitons
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1. diabetes
2.pregnancy 3.antibiotic thearpy |
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you can get heart infections from?
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IV drugs use
and contaminated needles |
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appearance of fungi?
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furry
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appearane of bacteria?
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slimmy
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how many people respond to antifungal treatment
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15% respond to antifungal treatment
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high gut levels of albicans are associated with
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beahavior problems
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treatment of albicans
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nystatin binds to ergostrol
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what is ergestrol required for?
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fungal membrane cells
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Fluconazole?
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inhibits cell ergosterol biosynthesis
and prevents synthesis |
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Pneumocytis Jiroveci are, and cause?
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are single celled and cause pneumonia=PCP, rare until the 1960s
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who did PCP affect and where
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PCP affected gay men and was fatal
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PCP led to which discovery?
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AIDS, it was the defining diagnosis of 63% of AIDS patients in 1987
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PCP major cause of...
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preventable mortality in AIDS patients, without treatment 85% would develop the disease
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what was thought to be the source of PCP spores?
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pigeon dung and the single cells are inhaled
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does person to person contact occur?
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yes, and no non human reservior of innoculation has not been identified
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Do pigeons get infected with PCP
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yes, but that strain does not affect people
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how do humans get PCP?
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single cells are inhaled then contained in the immune system(lungs) and spread via the blood stream
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what is PCP treated with
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trimethoprim +
sulfamethoxazole-- during respiratory phase |
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Ohio valley disease resides in?
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soil-bird bat dung and produces air borne spores infects lungs
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O valley disease is called ?
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histoplasma capsulatum
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mycelial growth in soil is ...?
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thermally dimogrophic
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movement in the..?
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blood stream, growth is like that of yeast.
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how many people infected?
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4o million and 95% never develop symptoms
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Histoplasma was mistaken for ? and treated with
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TB and treated with antibiotics
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Histoplasma is..
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a severe respiratory infection
movement through blood disseminated phase is usually fatal |
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HP colonizes?
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internal organs, liver, etc
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valley fever
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caused by Coccidioidomycosis in the san joaquin valley(arid areas), very few develop symptoms and is fatal in rare cases
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Mucor?
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mold
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protease?
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source of enzyme for making cheese, it breaks down proteins
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where can mucor be found?
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common in soil and plant debris, decomposed of plants
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mucor is the cause of what in harvest?
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cause of post harvest loses, decomposer of plants, spores are common in the air
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mucor--> immune system
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competent,superfical, skin , nails
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fungal hypae in tissue sample have no?
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cross walls
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treatment of mucor mycosis?
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1. surgery
2.aggressive antifungal |
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problems with treatment of mucor mycosis
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drug delivery is a problem and there is hypal growth through tissue
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otzi was studies by 40 research teams... was found?
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a pouch was found that contained fungal fruiting bodies, piptoporus betulins(wood rotting fungus)
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wood rotting fungus grows on..?
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birch trees
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Piptoporus betilinus may have been used as?
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vermifuge-to treat worms, otzi had worms
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Fomes fomentarius(wood rotter)
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may have been useful as:
1. transport fire 2. stypic-stop bleeding 3. diuretic and laxative |
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health benefits attributed to CORDYCEPS SINENSIS?
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1. strength and stamina
2.boost immune system 3.improve kidney and liver function 4.prolong life |
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golden age of microbiology?
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germ theory of disease
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antibiotic discovery led to..?
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use in medicine
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1928 alexander feleming studied
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bacteria in england, made different cultures, went on vaction and found fungal colonies
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flemmings hypothesis?
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fungal growth inhibits bacteria
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zone of inhibition?
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where bacteria does not grow
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effective treatment of eye infection?
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no effective treatment, mold juice was applied to the eye and the eye infection was cured in 1930
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problems with penicillin
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1.unstable in acid-degraded in stomach
2.80% removed in kidneys in 3-4 hours 3. too expensive 4. recycled from urine 100liters= 1dosage one person |
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effectiviness was tested on..
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8 mice, 4 treated with Penicillin and 4 untreated which died
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no enough money was available in england so florey
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travelled to the US and US took over development of penicillin
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mucor is the cause of what in harvest?
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cause of post harvest loses, decomposer of plants, spores are common in the air
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mucor--> immune system
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competent,superfical, skin , nails
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fungal hypae in tissue sample have no?
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cross walls
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treatment of mucor mycosis?
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1. surgery
2.aggressive antifungal |
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problems with treatment of mucor mycosis
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drug delivery is a problem and there is hypal growth through tissue
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otzi was studies by 40 research teams... was found?
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a pouch was found that contained fungal fruiting bodies, piptoporus betulins(wood rotting fungus)
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wood rotting fungus grows on..?
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birch trees
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Piptoporus betilinus may have been used as?
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vermifuge-to treat worms, otzi had worms
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Fomes fomentarius(wood rotter)
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may have been useful as:
1. transport fire 2. stypic-stop bleeding 3. diuretic and laxative |
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health benefits attributed to CORDYCEPS SINENSIS?
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1. strength and stamina
2.boost immune system 3.improve kidney and liver function 4.prolong life |
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mucor is the cause of what in harvest?
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cause of post harvest loses, decomposer of plants, spores are common in the air
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mucor--> immune system
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competent,superfical, skin , nails
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fungal hypae in tissue sample have no?
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cross walls
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treatment of mucor mycosis?
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1. surgery
2.aggressive antifungal |
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problems with treatment of mucor mycosis
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drug delivery is a problem and there is hypal growth through tissue
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otzi was studies by 40 research teams... was found?
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a pouch was found that contained fungal fruiting bodies, piptoporus betulins(wood rotting fungus)
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wood rotting fungus grows on..?
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birch trees
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Piptoporus betilinus may have been used as?
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vermifuge-to treat worms, otzi had worms
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Fomes fomentarius(wood rotter)
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may have been useful as:
1. transport fire 2. stypic-stop bleeding 3. diuretic and laxative |
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health benefits attributed to CORDYCEPS SINENSIS?
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1. strength and stamina
2.boost immune system 3.improve kidney and liver function 4.prolong life |
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Health benefits attributed
to Cordyceps sinensis? |
1. strength and stamina
2. improved liver and kidney function 3.prolong life 4. aphrodisiac |
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golden age of microbiolgy
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germ theory of disease
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antibiotic discovery led to..
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use in medicine
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alexander flemming studied bacterial growht
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went on vacation came back to find contaminated plates
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flemmings hypothesis..
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fungal growth inhibits bacterial growth
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inhibition zone?
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where bacteria does not grow around a fungal colony
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Penicillium chrysogenum
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spores, spore forming cells
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treatment and cure of bacterial eye infection
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applied mold juice to eye and it was cured 1930
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problems with penicillin
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1.expensive 100L= 1 dosage
2.unstable in acid degraded in the stomach 3. recycled from urine 4. removed by kidenys in 3-4 hours |
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penicillin was tested on 8 mice
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for tht were treated with pencillin were cured, and other 4 died
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further study required money so florey travelled to the US..
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USA took over the development of pencillin
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USDA increased the production of pencillin
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world war 2 project, 2nd largest project after the Manhattan Project
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many different strains were produced
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top grossing was in Illinois,
radiation was also used to produce more strains-- which was not benifical. modifying strain led to more pencillin |
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improve culture condition..?
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nutrient source: corn steep liquor, growth on the surface of a liquid(aeration)
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chemical modifications of penicillin..?
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Penicillin G- unstable in acid
Intravenous- medical suprivision penicillin V-acid stable |
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acid stable penicillin
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taken as pills
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Penicillin treated..
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septicimia-blood poisoning
strep throat/scarelt fever pneumonia syphillis deaths caused by funal infections dropped by 95% |
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Antibiotic resistance was the consquence of
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extensive use in human medicine and natural selection for resistant strains
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inappropriate use of antibiotics resulted from
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using it for a viral infection-cold or flu prior to diagnosis
failure to complete treatment |
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penicillin inhibits
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cell wall synthesis
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antibiotic resistance bacteria..
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enzyme(Penicillinase)degrades penicillin
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Penicillinase does what to penicillin
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deactivates peniciilin
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what is the inhibitor of Penicillinase?
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clavonic acid and amoxocillan combo = augumintin
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staphylococcus aureus did what
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drug resistant killed 19,000, more people than HIV/HIV
grows on living organic matter |
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how much CO2 do fungi produce each year
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85 billion tons
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fungi decompose..?
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wood, only fungi fully decompose wood
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why is wood so slow to degrade
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because it is low in simple sugars, the sugars are combined into polymers
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wood is also 40-50% cellulose
20-35% lignin makes it durable and protects cellulose |
many fungi and bacteria degrade cellulose, but only fungi do fully
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why is wood slow to degrade?
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1. low in simple sugars
2.cellulose and lignin 3.low in nitrogen (required for proteins) |
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oyster mushrooms eat nematodes for..
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source of nitrogen
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nematodes eat bacteria for
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nitrogen fixation(atmospheric nitrogen)
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inhibatory compounds prevent
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the decomposition of wood
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redwoods+cedar are resistant
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to decay
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recycled wood and plastic
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are immune to plastic in service for ten years
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wood decay fungi eliminate
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heartwood(leaves it hallow)
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wood decay continues after
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the death of the tree
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cellulose+lignin turns into
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CO2 and hummus, stable for centuries and contributes to soil fertility
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Blue stain in pine
wood Ophiostoma spp. caused |
by
non-wood rotting fungi, Cannot be sold for lumber |
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making of paper out of trees
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have to bleech to remove lignin, blue stain requires more beleech($$$)
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clorinated waste products leads
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to water pollutiom
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what does brown(chicken of the woods) rot decay?
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only cellulose is degraded no liginin,
CO2 produced |
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what does white rot(oyster mushroom) decay?
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Cellulose and lignin
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how is wood rot prevented?
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water saturation excludes oxygen
water storage |
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what does kiln drying of luber do?
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too dry for fungal growth
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preventing wood rot in structures?
from fungi and termites |
1. no contact with soil
2. barrier between wood and soil 3.rot resistant wood(concrete foundation) 4. redwood |
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pressure treated wood
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copper, banned for residental use after 2003
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TIMBER SIL,, sodium silicate
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forms a glass like matrix within the wood
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Symbiosis
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two species in a close
relationship |
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Mutualism
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both species benefit
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Commensalism
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one species benefits, the
other species is not affected |
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Parasitism
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one species benefits, the other
species suffers |
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the leafcutter two genera
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Atta and Acromyrmex
39 species • Central, North and South America |
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how do leaf cutter ants cut the leaves
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Use powerful
jaws to cut bits of leaf |
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some agricultural pest can
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defoliate an entire citrus tree in less than 24 hours
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how do the ants use the leaves
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they use them to create compost, the compost is used to cultivate fungi, fungiculture
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how do ants use cultivated fungi
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they eat them
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how do ants create compost
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They create the compost with a mix of leaf
pulp, saliva and feces |
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why do ants clean the leaves
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to prevent contaminations
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what do ants add to the mix
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fungi
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