Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
how fast can a single bacteria double?
|
every 50 minutes
|
|
|
what is the 1st line of defense?
|
innate immunity
|
|
|
the most important innate immunity mechanism is....
|
acute inflammation
|
|
|
term for the response of tissues to invading microbes or tissue damage
|
inflammation
|
|
|
2 general reason for inflammation
|
eliminate pathogens
tissue repair |
|
|
which cells release histamine, eicosanoids, and TNF?
|
mast cells
|
|
|
which cells release TNF, IL-1, and PAF?
|
macrophages
|
|
|
name some enzymes/compunds/chemicals that are released by mast cells and macrohpages during inflammation
|
chemoattractants
proteases antimicrobial peptides oxidants elastase |
|
|
T/F: neutrophils release free radicals
|
T!! "so drink your dark fruit juices!!"
|
|
|
term for the unique molecules that are only present on microbes ( they are essential for the survivial of bacteria)
|
PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)
|
|
|
name the PAMP produced by gram-negative bacteria
|
lipopolysachharide (LPS)
|
|
|
name the PAMP produced by gram-positive bacteria
|
lipoteichoic acids
|
|
|
name the PAMP produced by mycobacteria
|
glycolipids
|
|
|
name the PAMP produced by bacterial flagella
|
flagellin
|
|
|
T/F: bacteria DNA and viral dsRNA are examples of PAMPs
|
T
|
|
|
name 3 examples of sentinel cells
|
macrophages
dendritic cells mast cells |
|
|
what are the receptors called on sentinel cells that recognize PAMPs
|
Toll-like receptors (TLRs)
|
|
|
what receptor triggers inflammation and turns on the acquired immune system
|
TLR's
|
|
|
once the PAMPs bind the TLR's, structure is stimulates?
|
NF kappa B
|
|
|
what is the key molecule for transcription of cytokines?
|
NF kappa B
|
|
|
T/F: CpG DNA only activates T cells
|
F: it activates both T and B cells ( so it is used in vaccines)
|
|
|
what is something similar to TLRs but is found within the cell and recognizes intracellular bacteria?
|
NOD (nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain)
|
|
|
term for immature macrophages found in blood
|
monocytes
|
|
|
term for mature monocytes found in tissues
|
macrophages
|
|
|
do viruses initially infect monocytes or macrophages?
|
monocytes
|
|
|
term for macrophages in the brain
|
microglia
|
|
|
term for macrophages in connective tissue
|
histocytes
|
|
|
term for macrophages in lungs
|
alveolar and intravascular macrophages
|
|
|
term for macrophages in the liver
|
kupffer cells
|
|
|
term for macrophages in bone
|
osteoclasts
|
|
|
cells found in connective tissue, skin, around nerves, and under mucosal surfaces that are full of granules and are important in allergic and parasite diseases
|
mast cells
|
|
|
2 products of mast cells
|
heparin
histamine |
|
|
type of mast cells found in lungs and intestinal walls
|
connective tissue mast cells
|
|
|
which type of mast cell lives longer and is assoc. w/ anaphylactic shock?
|
connective tissue mast cells
|
|
|
which proteoglycan is produced by the 2 types of mast cells
|
c.t. mast cells-heparin
mucosal mast cells-chondroitin sulfate |
|
|
name 2 sites where mucosal mast cells are found
|
peritoneal cavity
skin |
|
|
the shock organ in most animals except dogs is....
|
the lungs! (liver in dogs)
|
|
|
T/F: antigen bound through IgE causes rapid and partial degranulation
|
F! it is rapid and complete degranulation!
|
|
|
name 3 products of sentinel cells
|
cytokines
chemokines vasoactive molecules |
|
|
2 examples of cytokines
|
tumor necrosis factor
interleukin-1 |
|
|
the different types of chemokines are based on location and spacing of....
|
cystein residues
|
|
|
what do vasoactive molecules do?
|
vasodilation
increased vascular permeability neutrophil chemotaxis |
|
|
why are corticosteriods dangerous to use for long periods of time?
|
they block rapidly dividing cells!
(block phospholipases, prevents production of arachadonic acid) |
