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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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For emergency fracture evaluation, which sedatives are inappropriate?
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barbiturates
Phenothiazines |
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When is definitive fracture repair indicated for initial evaluation?
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open grade 3 fractures
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What is the goal of treating open fractures?
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prevent osteomyelitis
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True/False. Antibiotics are generally not administered for an open fracture when the wound occurs from the bone fragment.
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True.
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What type of definitive treatment is ideal for open grade 3 fracture?
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ESF
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What skeletal deformities follow patellar luxation?
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lateral or medial bowing
torsion of distal femur rotation of proximal tibia shallow trochlear groove/femoral condyle dysplasia varum or valgum |
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A dog occasionally skips while walking, can luxate the patella but reduces spontaneously. Treatment?
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Generally none. Soft tissue procedures if symptomatic.
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Dog presents for occasional weight bearing lameness. With motion of the stifle, the patella luxates, but reduces spontaneously. Treatment?
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Trochleoplasty
May need tibial tuberosity transposition |
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Dog presents for episodes of non weight-bearing lameness. Patella luxation can be reduced, but spontaneously re-luxates with movement. Treatment?
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Trochleoplasty
Tibial tuberosity transposition desmotomy +/- derotational procedure |
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Animal presents for crab-like walk and marked angular limb deformities. The patellar luxation cannot be reduced. Treatment?
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Wedge osteotomy of distal femur and proximal tibia.
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Options for insufficient trochlear depth
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chrondroplasty (young dogs, generally fail)
trochleoplasty Trochlear wedge recession* |
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Insufficient proximal extent of trochlear ridge/patella alta
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patellar-fabellar suture
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Malalignment of quadriceps mechanism.
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tibial tuberosity transposition- NOT beyond edge of tibial ridge
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Excess internal rotation
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derotational suture
fibular head transposition? Tibial tuberosity transposition- around the corner Soft tissue reinforcement |
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Dog found to have lymphoma in LN on both sides of the diaphragm, but liver and spleen appear normal. Stage?
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III
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True/False. Older cats with lymphoma are more likely to have retroviral infection.
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False. younger cats.
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For which species is FNA useful for diagnosis of lymphoma?
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Cats
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True/False. In dogs, high grade lymphomas are more likely to get complete remission.
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True.
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high grade mast cell tumors are defined by what?
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mitotic figures
multinculeated bizzare nuclei karyomegaly |
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A dog with multple primary tumors, regional lymph node metastasis but no clincial signs.
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Staage IIIa
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True/False. A buffy coat smear indicating mastocytosis is a specific indicator of mast cell tumors.
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False. Inflammation will have higher mastocytosis
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In which breeds have better prognosis for mast cell tumors?
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Pugs, bulldogs
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Where are mast cell tumors a worse prognosis?
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mucocutaneous junction
head and neck? |
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Pretreatment for mast cell tumor removal?
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H1 and H2 blockers
dexamethasone |
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Indications for radiation therapy for MCT?
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Grades I and II for controlling microscopic disease
Bulky or Grade III disease Palliative |
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Which biological response modifiers may be useful for MCT?
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Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors
Toceranib phosphate Masitinib |
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True/False. Grade is predictive of biologic behavior for feline MCT.
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False.
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What sort of staining to diagnose reactive histiocytosis?
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CD18
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True/False. FNA can be used to diagnose histiocytoma.
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True, they exfoliate well
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True/False. Cutaneous histiocytosis lesions regress in 6 weeks.
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False. Histiocytoma
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Hemophagocytic form of histiocytic sarcoma complex has what cardinal sign?
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anemia
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Chemotherapy use for histiocytic sarcoma complex
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lomustine
doxorubcin second line |
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What fixation methods for low score fractures?
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Plate-rod
ESF II or III Locking plates Interlocking nail |
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What characterizes high score fractures?
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minimal implant stress
enhanced healing potential immediate load sharing |
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When should retrograde IM pin placement never be used?
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Radius or tibia
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What are the landmarks for IM pin placement in the radius?
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DON'T DO IT
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Pathology report comes back, and the mast cell tumor you took out did not have clean margins. What are your options?
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Re-excision
Radiation medical therapy monitoring |
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Which type of cerclage wire has the greatest tension?
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Precut with eyelets
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Which type of cerclage wire makes the knot with greatest resitance to failure?
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spool wire with twist knot
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Early signs of hip dysplasia?
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Lameness- after exercise or rest
Bunny hop clicking |
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Which orthopedic conditions can result in hock joint hyperextension?
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Hip dysplasia
OCD of the hock |
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True/False. The majority of dogs with hip dysplasia are asymptomatic.
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True
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Medical management for hip dysplasia?
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Weight control
NSAIDs as needed Exercise moderation |
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What surgical options are available with young dogs w/ hip dysplasia but no DJD?
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Pubic Symphysiodesis
Triple pelvic osteotomy |
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Case selection for TPO?
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Young dog, minimal DJD
hip joint laxity adequate acetabular depth |
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How to evaluate adequate acetabular depth?
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Luxated hip pops in, or reduced hip pops out with a sharp "pop" on rotation
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What does it mean of the angles for subluxation and reduction are the same?
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Significant wear of the acetabular rim.
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Which hip joint replacement systems use cement?
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CFX
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Which hip replacement system has a collar?
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CFX
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In which system must the femoral head ostectomy cut be very accurate?
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BFX
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Which ESF system utilizes the 2-piece clamp?
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SK
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Indications of ESF pin loosening?
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serosanguinous discharge
swelling lameness halo on radiographs and periosteal proliferation |
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What is the preferred plate for bridging/buttress?
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LC-DCP
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When should plate screws be placed near the fracture?
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reconstructable fractures
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When using an interfragmentary screw, how far from the edge of bone should it be placed?
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Distance should at least be the diameter of the screw
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True/False. If placing a screw in thin bone, counterskinking helps distribute the pressure and prevent cracking.
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False. Best to use a washer in this case
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Which locking plate still utilizes compression to the bone?
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ALPS
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Which locking plate can accommodate a standard cortical screw?
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SOP
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Which plate utilizes the combi hole?
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LCP
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Which plate system utilizes a threaded insert for use with both locking and cortical screws?
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Fixin
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Which locking plate system does not permit dynamic compression at fracture site?
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Fixin
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Rottweiler presents with swollen elbow that crepitates on motion, and painful on palpation. What is your next diagnostic?
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Radiographs rarely find fragment, arthroscopy is diagnostic
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When should the anconeal process be united?
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20 weeks
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Where does OCD of the hock occur?
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Medial trochlear ridge of the talus
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Treatment for ununited anconeal process in a younger dog?
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ulnar osteotomy
reattachment |
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Young Terrier presents with bilateral pain in jaw, which is swollen and warm. Number one r/o?
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Craniomandibular osteopathy
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Early closure of the distal ulnar physis results in what?
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shortened limb
cranial or medial bowing valgus and external rotation elbow subluxation |
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Treatment for growth deformity of the ulna?
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corrective osteotomy w/ ESF if no longer growing
ulnar ostecteomy if radius still growing |
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Indications for surgical treatment of otitis externa?
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failed medical management
hyperplastic, thickened ear canals |
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Treatment for ear canal neoplasia?
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TECA +/- radiation
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Approaches to middle ear cavity?
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myringogomy (through tympanum)
ventral bulla osteotomy |
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Use of antibiotics with otitis media?
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based on culture of bulla
4 weeks |
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Treatment for aural hematoma?
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cannulate or periodic drainage + steroids
Surgical removal and tacking down Laser |
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True/False. SCC of the pinna in cats has a guarded prognosis.
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False. Excellent
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Which sites are most common for osteosarcoma?
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distal radius/proximal humerus
distal femur proximal and distal tibia |
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Animal presents with lameness originating at the elbow. Radiographs show lysis of the cortical bone, with spicules. What are your treatment options?
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Amputation
Resection and graft +/- radiation or chemotherapy |
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Which oral tumors carry the highest metastatic rates?
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Malignant melanoma
Osteosarcoma |
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An large breed, middle aged dog presents for reluctance to eat and bleeding from the mouth. On inspection, you see a mass around the upper carnassial tooth. What is the most likely diagnosis?
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Fibrosarcoma
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What sort of workup should be considered pre-surgically for animals with oral masses?
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Biopsy- always consider
Thoracic radiographs Radiographs or CT to evaluate bone involvement |
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True/False. Mandibulectomy can be accomplished using an osteotome.
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False. Gigli wire or oscillating saw.
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True/False. Palliative radiation therapy involves more dose per fraction.
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True.
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This type of therapy involves a radioactive implant in the patient.
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Brachytherapy
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This type of radiation is where the source is applied directly to the lesion.
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Plesiotherapy
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Orthovoltage is relatively low/high energy radiation.
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Low
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Which types of teletherapy use Compton process of ionization?
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Co-60
Linear acceleration |
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Which type(s) of teletherapy use photoelectric process of ionization?
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Orthovoltage
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An electron beam of 20 MeV is directed from a linear accelerator. What is the approximate range of electrons in the tissue?
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10 cm
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You have a linear accelerator to treat a lesion beneath the skin. What type of beam do you use?
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Photon radiation (x-rays)
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You have a cutaneous tumor. Which types of radiation would be appropriate?
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Linear accelerator with electron beam
Orthovoltage |
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You have a soft tissue mass just over a bony protuberance of the knee. What type of radiation to avoid in this area?
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Orthovoltage (x-rays)
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True/False. HIgher energy beams exhibit higher surface dose.
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True.
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Which process of ionization works independent of atomic number?
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Compton
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Where are soft tissue sarcomas most common?
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limbs or head
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A cat is diagnosed with a low grade soft tissue sarcoma. What is the metastatic potential?
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< 15%
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A cat is diagnosed with a high grade soft tissue sarcoma. What is the metastatic potential?
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40-50%
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True/False. When evaluating a possible soft tissue sarcoma, a FNA or excisional biopsy is preferred.
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False. Do not exfoliate well, want to plan so tract is also excised
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What is the rate of recurrence for canine soft tissue sarcoma is treatment is surgery alone?
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10-50%
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High/low dose radiation is utilized in conjunction with surgery to treat canine soft tissue sarcomas.
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High dose
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What are indications for chemo for soft tissue sarcoma?
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high grade
metastatic intra-abdominal |
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A younger cat presents with multiple soft tissue sarcomas. What additional test to add to diagnostic work-up?
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FeLV testing
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When should a vaccination site reaction in a cat be investigated further?
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increase in size >1 month later
> 2 cm diameter Still evident > 3 months later |
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What is the rage of recurrence of soft tissue sarcoma in the cat?
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30-70% surgery alone
30-50% multimodal therapy |
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Which chemotherapeutics can be used for soft tissue sarcomas?
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doxorubicin +/- cyclophosphamide
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