Sample Study Test 1

Front 1

A natural hazard is a threat to people or property in a short term or long term future

Back 1

a possible eruption of Mount Rainier that would devastate Seattle, Washington

Front 2

Relative age dating describes the order of events but not their exact age in years

Back 2

Angela is older than karen

Front 3

When a researcher publishes research in a national journal, what part of the scientific method is he or she most likely involved with?

Back 3

a hypothesis

Front 4

which of the layers is considered the brittle outer layer of the Earth?

Back 4

lithosphere

Front 5

what is evidence for Wegener's continental drift hypothesis?

Back 5

the jigsaw-puzzle fit of the continents

Front 6

Earth's magnetic field is generated by its outer core the

Back 6

???

Front 7

Beneath Earth's lithosphere, the hotter, weaker zone known as the ______ allows for motion of Earth's rigid outer shell.

Back 7

asthenosphere

Front 8

which boundary is characterized as a long, linear rise in the sea floor, with shallow earthquakes and volcanic activity found along its length?

Back 8

divergent boundary

Front 9

deep ocean trenches are formed by

Back 9

the subduction of lithosphere into the asthenosphere

Front 10

where geographically can you find transform falts?

Back 10

near the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and along the San Andreas transform plate boundary

Front 11

what is the remarkable realizations associated with the discovery of seafloor spreading?

Back 11

The crust of the oceans is very young relative to the age of the continental crust

Front 12

Hawaiian Islands are formed as a result of

Back 12

a mantle plume

Front 13

why is sugar NOT considered a mineral?

Back 13

it is an organic compound

Front 14

two isotopes differ from one another because they have

Back 14

different numbers of neutrons

Front 15

What is a characteristic not considered a physical property of a mineral?

Back 15

silicate structure

Front 16

Out of the named 4000 minerals, how many are abundant?

Back 16

a few dozen

Front 17

A single silica tetrahendron has

Back 17

1) atoms are strongly bonded together
2)cations can bond to it
3)it has a net negative charge

Front 18

Minerals such as biotite are dark because of their

Back 18

iron content

Front 19

The mineral quartz is an example of a

Back 19

three-dimensional framework silicate

Front 20

if you were to fill a bottle with clay, iron fillings, water, and air, shake its contents, and then let it sit, what would you expect to see from bottom to top?

Back 20

iron, clay, water, air

Front 21

The speed at which seismic waves travel through Earth's layers depends largely on

Back 21

the temperature and composition of the material

Front 22

Evidence supporting the conclusion that Earth's mantle convects comes from

Back 22

Large super plumes of hot rick rising from the core-mantle boundary

Front 23

As a result of partial melting, magma originates in

Back 23

the mantle and crust

Front 24

When lava erupts at Earth's surface, what type of rock is produced?

Back 24

extrusive

Front 25

Pyroclastic debris from a volcanic eruption can include

Back 25

ash and cinders

Front 26

Why does magma have a tendency to rise after it formation?

Back 26

it is less dense than the surrounding rock

Front 27

Most igneous rocks never reach the surface, However, igneous rocks other than those formed in volcanoes are found exposed on many parts of earth. How do you account for this phenomenon?

Back 27

they formed at depth and have been exposed by uplift and erosion

Front 28

Most igneous rocks are primarily composed of

Back 28

silicate minerals

Front 29

The light silicate minerals include

Back 29

muscovite, orthoclase feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, and quartz

Front 30

what element is principally responsible for making olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite dark?

Back 30

iron

Front 31

Basaltic igneous rock contain which minerals

Back 31

pyroxene and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar

Front 32

A geologist sends you a sample that was collected in teh field. You find that it is a gray-colored igneous rock containing amphibole and intermediate plagioclase feldspar. Using Bowen's Reaction Series as a guide, how would you describe its composition?

Back 32

andesitic

Front 33

Which of the following igneous rocks contains no minerals?

Back 33

obsidian

Front 34

what is the term used to describe a very large, widespread, and deep intrusive body of igneous rock?

Back 34

batholith

Front 35

In what type of igneous feature would you find rocks with a vesicular texture?

Back 35

the surface of a lava flow

Front 36

working in the field, you see a thin, dark-colored igneous still across the valley. Without seeing the sill up close, what texture would you expect to possess?

Back 36

fine-grained

Front 37

working in the field, you come upon a light-colored, fine-grained igneous rock that contains some very large dark-colored crystals. How do you account for this complex mineralogy?

Back 37

the dark crystals formed first, undergoing slow cooling, and the remainder cooled quickly.

Front 38

what is the classification of igneous rock based on?

Back 38

composition and texture

Front 39

Basalt is an igneous rock that can be identified by its small crystals. What are they composed of ?

Back 39

pyroxene and calcium-rich plagioclase feldspar

Front 40

AN igneous rock that contains quarts and potassium feldspar would have a mineralogic content placing it in the range of

Back 40

granitic or felsic rock

Front 41

What is a coarse-grained rock composed of intermediate plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene?

Back 41

diorite

Front 42

what is a fine-grained igneous rock composed primarily of water small crystals of potassium feldspar and a few large crystals of quartz?

Back 42

rhyolite porphyry

Front 43

physical geology

Back 43

Materials composing Earth and processes

Front 44

Historical geology

Back 44

Origin of Earth and its development through time

Front 45

Scientific method

Back 45

involves gathering facts through observation and formulation of hypotheses and theories

Front 46

Hypothesis

Back 46

a tentative or untested explantation

Front 47

Theory

Back 47

a well tested and widely accepted view

Front 48

Earth' sinterior layers

Back 48

Crust

mantle
core

Front 49

Two Types of Crust

Back 49

continental crust
oceanic crust

Front 50

Plate Tectonics

Back 50

earth's surface is composed of a few large, thick plates that move slowly and change in size

Front 51

Intense geologic activity is concentrated at

Back 51

plate boundaries

Front 52

paleomagnetism

Back 52

uses mineral magnetic alignment direction and dip angle to determine the direction and distance to the magnetic pole when rocks formed

Front 53

Seafloor spreading

Back 53

sea floor moves away form the mid oceanic ridge due to mantle convection

Front 54

Tectonic plates

Back 54

are composed of the relatively rigid lithosphere
lithosphere thickness and age of seafloor increase with distance from and oceanic ridge

Front 55

Divergent plate boundaries

Back 55

plates move away from each other. Marked by rifting basaltic volcanism and eventual ridge uplift

Front 56

Convergent plate boundaries

Back 56

plates move toward one another.

Front 57

Transform plate boundaries

Back 57

plates slide horizontally past one another.

Front 58

Mantle plumes and hot spots

Back 58

narrow columns of hot mantle rock rise through the mantle.

Front 59

Mineral definition
geologic definition of a mineral is specialized:

Back 59

naturally occurring
solid
formed geologically
definite chemical composition
crystalline structure
inorganic

Front 60

Rocks

Back 60

rocks are earths materials from minerals
granite
potassium feldspar
quartz homblende

Front 61

Crystalline structure

Back 61

is based on atomic patterns

Front 62

Polymorphs

Back 62

same composition but different crystal structure
diamond and graphite are carbon polymorphs (C)
Diamond strongest
graphite weakest