Sample Questions And Answers

Front 1

Briefly explain how colon cancer is an interaction of genetics, lifestyle and diet.

Back 1

5.Colon cancer can occur through several pathways. There is certainly a genetic link to this disease, hence if members of your family were afflicted, this effects your potential of developing colon cancer. Obesity and a sedentary life style increase the risks of colon cancer. People with diabetes and insulin resistance are also at risk. It is suggested that a diet high in fat and calories along with high quantities of red meat in take , in addition to low fiber content al may increase the possibilities of colon cancer for persons of old age, those of African- american descent are other condition which increase the risk of colon cancer . Finally a personal history of previous colon cancer a tendency of polyps, interracial conditions all are conditions which might bring about a secondary or initial case of colon cancer.

Front 2

What is the study of Epidemiology?

Back 2

Epidemiology is the science that states the patters, causes and effects of health and disease conditions in a defined area or population. It is often called the cornerstone of public health. AN example of this science would be the study of the recent ebola outbreak.

Front 3

Explain Recombinant DNA Technology.

Back 3

Recombinant DNA technology is a series of techniques in which DNA fragments from an organism are linked to self-replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules. These Molecules are then replicated or clones ina host sell. DNA cloning is a 3 step process that requires A) a way to cut the DNA b) A carrier molecule to hold the DNA for transfer and c) A host cell in which the selected DNA molecule can be produced. There are several risks attached to cloning. Based on statistics cited there is only about a 3% rate in cloning. The cloned animals that do survive tend to be larder at birth and have abnormally large organs. This is referred to as “large offspring syndrome” LOS and can lead to breathing and blood flow problems. In addition some offspring have developed kidney and brain malformations and impaired immune systems. here is the issue of a close demonstrating gene expression problems and incomplete programming can lead to developmental abnormalities that could prove fatal. As science advances and the potential for human closing grows the wealthier people might opt to clone a baby. The inherent gander of a health compromise and shortened life span of a human close has let to be digested by mankind. While we can marvel and subsequently be saddened at the birth and subsequent passing of Dolly the Sheep, hands on interaction in cloning of humans could present us with a set of problems that the intended marinates nor science is prepared to comprehend.

Front 4

What is the benefit of cutting a part of the DNA chain and inserting other DNA?

Back 4

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Front 5

Are there risks from the work in cloning? Explain with an example.

Back 5

There are several risks attached to cloning. Based on statistics cited there is only about a 3% rate in cloning. The cloned animals that do survive tend to be larder at birth and have abnormally large organs. This is referred to as “large offspring syndrome” LOS and can lead to breathing and blood flow problems. In addition some offspring have developed kidney and brain malformations and impaired immune systems. here is the issue of a close demonstrating gene expression problems and incomplete programming can lead to developmental abnormalities that could prove fatal. As science advances and the potential for human closing grows the wealthier people might opt to clone a baby. The inherent gander of a health compromise and shortened life span of a human close has let to be digested by mankind. While we can marvel and subsequently be saddened at the birth and subsequent passing of Dolly the Sheep, hands on interaction in cloning of humans could present us with a set of problems that the intended marinates nor science is prepared to comprehend.

Front 6

Are there benefits for humans from using genetically modified foods. Explain with two examples.

Back 6

10. Genetically modified food has had and will continue to have significant benefits for the worlds food supply. As our text states, the genetic modification of plants has been going on for thousands of years At the present time, trans-genetic coop plants can be made resistant to herbicide and diseases. In addition, biotechnology has enhanced the nutritional value in some foods. Corn and soybeans are two foods that have been the beneficiary of their scientific intervention.

Front 7

Briefly explain how Recombinant DNA technology could be used in treating human disease.

Back 7

Recombinant DNA has moved from the laboratories to the super markets and hospitals throughout the world. If can be used to identify carriers of genetic disorders, perform gene therapy, and create disease. Resistant food plants. It will of course be a centerpiece of all future research done in the area of health and cloning.

Front 8

How is a transgenic crop like Golden Rice produced?

Back 8

Golden rice is a product that uses rice that has been genetically modified to synthesize beta-carotene. Once dated the body converts the beta-carotene into Vitamin A. This new product is a light yellow in color, hence the name of this trans-genetic grain is golden rice. This Vitamin A supplement has been an essential aid in combatting blindness which has been caused by a deficiency in the Vitamin A intake of millions of people in southeast Asia.

Front 9

What is crossing over of genes in a chromosome?

Back 9

13. Crossing over is a process in which chromosomes physically exchange parts. Meiosis produces new combinations of parental genes in 2 ways, by random assortment and by crossing over. The exchange of chromosomes between homologues. A homologue is a chromosome that is similar in physical attributes and genetic information to another chromosome.

Front 10

The Human Genome Project has created new fields like Pharmacogenomics. Explain

Back 10

pharmacogenomics is a prance of genetics concerned with the identification of protein variants that underlie differences in the response to drugs. This branch of science is focussed on the development of drugs that are tailored to an individuals genetic make up.

Front 11

Briefly explain the effect of a sudden change in the DNA bases (ATGCATGC etc.) could affect a human or animal.

Back 11

15. A change in a normal DNA base sequence ATGC can result in a mutation. Changing a genes sequence can change the amino acid sequence of the appropriate protein codes.

Front 12

What is the cell mediated immune response?

Back 12

The cell mediated immune response is the immune reaction mediated by T cells directed against body cells that have been infected by viruses or bacteria. The cellular immune response is mediated by cytoxic, killer T cells.

Front 13

What is the role of lymphocytes (B and T cells)?

Back 13

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that originate in bone marrow and mediate the immune response. B-cell is a type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and mediates antibody-directed immunity. T Cells are another type of lymphocyte that undergoes maturation in the thymus and mediates cellular immunity.

Front 14

Briefly explain the primary and secondary immune response.

Back 14

The primary immune response for humans is a non-specific, local inflammatory response. This response is mediated by cells of the immune system and oscillates and kills micro organisms. b)The next level of defense is the complement system which participates in both the non-specific and specific immune responses in a variety of ways which enables it to kill invading cells. c)The bodes third line of defense is the adaptive immune response which is made up of 2 components:the antibody mediated immunity( regulated by B Cells and antibody immunity) and lastly cell-mediated immunity which is controlled by T-CellsAntibody mediated_ reactions defend against invading viruses while cell-mediated immunity is directed against cells that have already been infected by agents such as virus or bacteria.

Front 15

What is a population?

Back 15

Population is a local group of organisms belonging to a single species, sharing a common gene pool

Front 16

What is the role of "fitness" in evolution.

Back 16

Fitness is a measure of the relative survival and reproductive success of a specific individual or genotype. This would lead to the theory that only the strong survive. The result would be represented by the consequence of Natural Selection which is the differential reproduction shown by some embers of a population that is the result of differences in fitness. This would play a role in evolution which indicates the changes in allele frequency in a population overtime.

Front 17

Explain two ways of HIV transmission.

Back 17

HIV can be transmitted to uninfected individuals through bodily fluids, including blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and breast milk. The virus cannot live for more than 1or2 hours outside the body and cannot be transmitted by food, water, or casual contact.